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限抗5年,我国抗生素使用率“双降”,但形势仍然严峻……

2017-11-18 杨飏 医学界

每年有20万中国人死于药物不良反应,其中,因抗生素滥用造成的死亡要占到40%。中国三分之一的残疾人属于听力残疾,而60%到80%的致聋原因与使用抗生素有关。

细菌耐药已成为全球性最紧迫的公共卫生问题之一,也是临床医生处理细菌感染最为棘手的问题。近日,国家卫生计生委相关负责人表示,2011年底至2016年,我国门诊处方使用抗菌药物比例降低8.5个百分点。

那么,8.5%代表着什么?

事实上,这个数据并不是首次披露。

今年9月29日,国务院新闻办发布的《中国健康事业的发展与人权进步》白皮书中提到,2016年,全国住院患者抗菌药物使用率为37.5%,较2011年降低21.9个百分点;门诊处方抗菌药物使用率为8.7%,较2011年降低8.5个百分点。

2010年,世界卫生组织推荐的抗生素院内使用率为30%,欧美发达国家的使用率仅为22%-25%,同期中国住院患者中抗生素使用率高达70%,约80%以上属于滥用抗生素。这些数字使中国成为世界上滥用抗生素问题最严重的国家之一。

与5年前相比,我国住院患者和门诊患者的抗菌药物使用率“双降”。

根据最新的《新编药物学》(第17版),抗菌药物包含了部分抗生素(除抗肿瘤抗生素和免疫抑制类抗生素以外)和人工合成的抗菌素。其中临床使用占比最高的依然是抗生素。

2012年以来,中国政府高度重视抗生素耐药性问题,多措并举强化抗菌药物管理,令细菌耐药形势趋于好转。

2012年8月1日,有“史上最严限抗令”之称的《抗菌药物临床应用管理办法》正式实施,明确将抗菌药物分为非限制使用、限制使用与特殊使用三级管理。其中明确规定了不同等级医生的开药权限。严重违规使用抗菌药物的医生将被吊销执业证书。

2015年国家出台的抗生素管理办法,针对抗生素的使用,医院需要从科室到医生个人进行逐级考核。

2016年8月,国家卫计委发布了《遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划(2016—2020年)》,支持抗生素研发,对抗生素的生产、流通、使用等各环节加强监管。我国抗生素顶层设计和管理机制已初步建立。

另一方面,从2015年开始,全国多地纷纷控制或取消医院门诊输液治疗。目前,安徽、浙江、江苏、湖北、广东、辽宁等9省已明确停止门诊输液,江西、福建、广西等多省已试点控制门诊输液。

航空总医院院长高国兰表示,取消门诊输液可以规范抗生素的使用,是安全用药的大势所趋。

抗生素整体滥用趋势是否扭转?

2015年,中国科学院广州地球化学研究所的一项研究结果显示,2013年中国总的抗生素生产量24.8万吨,除去出口的,加上进口的,2013年中国抗生素总使用量为16.2万吨。其中48%为人用抗生素,其余为兽用抗生素。



图中显示,2011/2012年美国的抗生素使用量是1.79万吨,其中大部分用在了动物身上,占了1.46万吨,人类使用仅为3290吨;2013年英国则只使用了1060吨抗生素,其中约640吨为人类使用。除去总量以外,***每天使用量也表明中国人均抗生素的使用量是英美两国的5倍。

尽管近年来我国在大城市和一些主要医院加强了抗生素药品的规范管理,但整体滥用的趋势是否出现根本性扭转呢?

似乎还不能断言。

据《北京日报》今日消息,专家指出,一些地区仍存在相关管理不到位、技术不完善等问题。在农村地区,抗生素的使用率高得惊人,可以说几乎所有的乡村卫生室都被抗生素所“占领”。有报道显示,78.5%的农村居民在感冒时会服用抗生素类药物,而德国一项同类研究中,服用抗生素的农村居民仅为10.5%。

此外,中国工程院院士、传染病诊治国家重点实验室主任李兰娟曾指出,至少30%人群将抗生素当作万能药,60%的普通家庭日常药品储备中有多种抗生素。普通老百姓去药店或诊所购买阿司匹林等抗生素类药物仍然畅通无阻。

遏制滥用抗生素需要多行业、多部门以及医患双方的共同努力。国家要破除“以药养医”机制,进一步加强对抗生素药物使用的监管,相关医疗机构和医务人员更应加强自律,群众深化认识自觉抵制抗生素滥用,才会对终止滥用抗生素形成全社会的助力。

据了解,国外在控制抗生素滥用问题上已有较成熟经验可借鉴。如日本建立完善的医保制度,切断医药利益链条,医生凭医术挣诊疗费等。欧美国家还有一个最普遍的做法,就是在抗生素的使用和销售环节,实行严格的处方药与非处方药的管理制度,处方药除了必须凭医生的处方外,还要在药店或药房经执业药师审核后才能拿药。美英等国还不断研发能集中作用于病变体的靶向性抗生素,以减少用药量和毒副作用。

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    2017-11-24 zwjnj2

    好好好学习学习学习学习学习

    0

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    2017-11-21 沙漠浪人

    抗生素使用形式依然严峻

    0

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    2017-11-19 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.继续关注

    0

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    2017-11-18 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-11-18 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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    2017-11-18 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    严格控制抗生素使用.利国利民.

    0

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    2017-11-18 中医痴

    不错的.学习了.谢谢分享!

    0

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