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门静脉血栓的病因、临床表现和诊断

2020-06-11 掌上肝讯 掌上肝讯

门静脉血栓是指发生于门静脉主干、肠系膜上静脉、肠系膜下静脉或脾静脉的血栓。

门静脉血栓形成(PT)

门静脉血栓是指发生于门静脉主干、肠系膜上静脉、肠系膜下静脉或脾静脉的血栓。

门静脉血栓可造成门静脉阻塞,引起门静脉压力增高、肠管淤血,是导致肝前门静脉高压的一个重要原因。

门静脉血栓性阻塞多继发于慢性肝病及肿瘤疾患。

单纯的肝外门静脉阻塞则多见于青少年及儿童

发病原因

门静脉血栓形成的病因很复杂,主要有炎症性、肿瘤性、凝血功能障碍性、腹腔手术后、外伤性及原因不明性等。

25%~30%的成人门静脉血栓病例继发于肝硬化。婴幼儿门静脉血栓多继发于先天性门静脉闭锁、脐静脉脓毒血症、阑尾炎等。PT可分为原发性与继发性两种。原发性多与血液高凝状态有关。

国外报道372例继发性肠系膜静脉血栓形成患者,发现周围静脉炎、腹腔炎症性疾病、腹部大手术与门静脉高压是发生的主要因素,且以脾切除术后为常见。局部因素在PT形成的危险因素中占40%,局部因素的存在促进了门静脉血栓的形成,这些局部因素主要分4类:局部感染灶、门静脉系统损伤、腹腔肿瘤和肝硬化,临床上以肝硬化伴发PT为最多。

PT还可见于妊娠(特别是子痫患者)、口服避孕药和门静脉淤血的患者(如肝静脉阻塞、慢性心力衰竭、缩窄性心包炎)。有学者认为至少有1/3的PT患者是多种危险因素联合作用的结果。

临床症状

急性型

发病突起,有剧烈腹痛、腹胀和呕吐,主要因胃肠淤血所致;若血栓延伸至肠系膜上静脉,则可有腹泻、血便、腹痛、腹胀、腹部压痛、腹肌紧张和叩击痛等腹膜炎或麻痹性肠梗阻的表现。在婴幼儿,可表现为突发性上消化道出血,脾肿大多属轻微;若血栓蔓延至门静脉主干及肝内分支则可出现大量腹水。

慢性型

患者若渡过急性期,由于门-体静脉建立了广泛的侧支循环——即自然分流的形成,腹水可能缓解或减少,脾肿大常是一个突出的症状。一般来说,脾脏肿大的程度取决于病程的长短;脾脏长期充血后,脾髓细胞增生及纤维组织沉积,大量抑血细胞使血细胞破坏增多,出现脾功能亢进,临床表现为不同程度的贫血、血小板计数减少。此时部分患者发生鼻出血,但很少发生紫癜。

若门静脉血栓累及门静脉主干和脾静脉,则因门静脉的血流经腰静脉及腹膜后静脉的侧支循环进入体静脉,很少或没有门-奇静脉间的侧支循环,故无食管静脉曲张和出血。值得提出的是小儿对门静脉高压症大出血耐受性好,且由于血管弹性好,腹膜后形成自然分流快而丰富,第一次出血后,若迟至15岁后仍无出血复发,行消化道造影和内镜检查又无发生出血的先兆,手术并非都必须进行。

部分病例可有轻度黄疸,但肝性脑病少见。其他症状如腹胀、消化不良、食欲不振等多较轻。

鉴别诊断

本病临床表现不典型,诊断较困难。临床上常误诊为急性肠梗阻、胰腺炎、胆囊炎、原发性腹膜炎等。在以下不同情况下应考虑本病的诊断:腹痛、腹部脓肿、门静脉高压、上消化道出血等。在临床诊治肝硬化门静脉高压的过程中,对于急性起病、不明原因的腹痛、腹胀、血样便,无明确原因的上消化道大出血或脾大,不明原因的麻痹性肠梗阻,合并有血液高凝状态,特别对于门静脉高压症断流术后的患者,应警惕并发门静脉系统血栓形成的可能,但确诊还要依靠彩色多普勒超声或CT检查。诊断困难者行磁共振血管成像、门静脉造影可做出诊断。

辅助检查

生化检查

1. 当肠坏死合并细菌感染时,白细胞增多,大便潜血阳性,肌酸磷酸激酶明显增高,甚至出现电解质紊乱和代谢性酸中毒;当合并消化道大出血时,可有贫血。原发性静脉血栓形成者抗凝血酶Ⅲ因子可降低或缺乏。脾切除术后的患者有时血小板明显增高。

2. 腹穿检查。合并肠坏死时,可抽出血性腹水。镜检可见红细胞,潜血阳性。

影像检查

1. 腹部X线平片 
合并肠坏死或麻痹性肠梗阻时,可见肠管扩张增粗伴气液平面。

2. 腹部B超 
显示门静脉血栓形成的部位、大小、范围。主要发现门静脉主干、脾静脉残端内和肠系膜上静脉主干增宽,静脉内有异常回声,为实质性不规则性强光点或等回声光点。有门静脉海绵样变者,门静脉主干及分支消失,门静脉为小而不规则的管状结构所代替。

3. 彩色多普勒  门静脉、脾静脉或肠系膜上静脉内径增宽并探及实质性回声,血流变细,完全阻塞时血流信号消失,栓塞远侧静脉扩张。

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    2020-11-20 zhangxiang

    0

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    2020-07-05 xue8602
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    2020-10-27 fusion
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