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使用手机会导致我们患上脑癌吗?

2016-08-22 佚名 生物谷

这是任何一个手机用户都希望回答的问题,而且科学确实提供了一些线索。比如,2011年,国际癌症研究署(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)将手机辐射归类为一种可能的人类致癌物,属于第2B级。这种分类主要是基于人群研究取得的证据。由欧盟资助的INTERPHONE团体开展的一项研究和由瑞典流行病学家L. Hardell领导的另一项研

这是任何一个手机用户都希望回答的问题,而且科学确实提供了一些线索。比如,2011年,国际癌症研究署(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)将手机辐射归类为一种可能的人类致癌物,属于第2B级。

这种分类主要是基于人群研究取得的证据。由欧盟资助的INTERPHONE团体开展的一项研究和由瑞典流行病学家L. Hardell领导的另一项研究表明在10年内每天使用手机30分钟的人群当中,患上神经胶质瘤(一种恶性脑癌)的风险增加了40%-170%。

手机辐射增加癌症风险的观点在另外两项研究中得到进一步证实:2013年发表的Cerenat研究证实了INTERPHONE研究和Hardell研究的观察结果,并且2015年的一项动物研究表明手机辐射增加化学物的致癌效应。

这些证据表明手机辐射对人类确实是“可能是致癌的(possibly carcinogenic)”(属于IARC分类的第2B级)或者甚至是“很可能是致癌的(probably carcinogenic)”(属于IARC分类的第2A级)。

IARC把对人体是否有致癌性的试剂分为致癌性的(第1级)、很可能是致癌的(第2A级)、可能是致癌的(第2B级),不能归类为致癌性的(not classifiable as carcinogen, 第3级)和很可能不是致癌性的(probably not carcinogenic, 第4级)。

然而,其他的研究表明患上脑癌的人数并未被手机使用频率影响或者仅仅是略微增加,尽管在过去10到20年,手机用户的数量显著增加。

因此,证实脑癌风险增加的证据与发现使用手机的人群中的脑癌发病率保持相当稳定的研究之间本就存在矛盾。

哪种观点是正确的?

认为证实脑癌与手机辐射存在因果关联的病例对照研究是正确的研究人员指出在一般人群中观察到明显的脑癌发病率增加仍然为时过早。毕竟,这种癌症存在较长的延迟期(几十年),而且人们仅在过去10到15年期间开始大量地使用手机。因为在那之前,它们太昂贵了。

与此同时,支持证实在手机使用显著增加的人群中脑癌发病率没有明显增加的研究人员认为来自这些病例对照研究的证据是一种统计故障。

但是假使这两种观点都是正确的,会怎么样?假使手机辐射单独并不导致癌症产生,但是长期接触会增加其他因素的致癌效果,又会怎么样?下面的一种假设可能解释了这种明显的不一致性。

2011年IARC专家们评估过的动物研究提示着手机辐射独自作用并不导致癌症。然而,它仍然可能具有“辅助致癌物(co-carcinogen)”性质。在5项研究中,手机辐射增加同时接触低剂量已知的化学致癌物的动物的癌症产生。在这5项研究中,有一项研究最近得到再现,从而证实了手机辐射的这种辅助致癌效应。迄今为止,仅有少量研究探究了动物或活细胞同时接触化学致癌物和手机辐射。这对合适的风险评估带来严重的问题。

基于当前的研究,手机辐射本身可能不会导致癌症。相反,它可能激活调节过程和加快癌症发生。

利用这种假设,人们就有可能解释这些无法解释的相互冲突的科学结果中的一些。

首次,病例对照研究发现增加脑癌风险可能并不是因为手机辐射导致的,而是因为它加快其他致癌物或者自发性基因突变导致的脑癌。

其次,相比于较高的手机使用率,脑癌发病率较低,这是因为这些增加仅是由于手机辐射的辅助致癌效应。并不是所有的手机使用者都有患上脑癌的风险,仅是由于其他的致癌或遗传因素正在导致脑癌发展的那些人会有这种风险。

最后,来自美国国家毒理学计划开展的的动物研究于2016年5月发布的首批结果表明对照组大鼠没有脑癌产生,而接受手机辐射的实验组大鼠仅有非常少的脑癌病例。

鉴于大鼠仅接触手机辐射和手机辐射导致少量的脑癌病例,一些人质疑这种观察结果的显著性。但是上面提出的假设解释了这种结果。接受手机辐射的动物有一部分患上脑癌,并不仅仅是手机辐射的缘故,而是因为它加快自发性基因突变引发的癌症产生。在对照组大鼠中,同样由自发性突变引发的脑癌没有时间产生,这是因为没有额外的刺激物加快癌症产生。

脑癌风险依然比较低

假定这种假设是对的,手机辐射也并不像一些流行病研究提示的那样对公共健康产生严重的影响。不是所有的手机用户都会处于产生脑癌的危险之中。仅接触过致癌因子的或者发生自发性基因突变的那些人将有风险患上这种癌症。

这种提出的假设并没有否定IARC将手机辐射分类为“可能是致癌的”。IARC的分类表明狂热的手机用户会增加患上癌症的风险。但这并不是说手机辐射是一种“致癌物”或者“辅助致癌物”。

因此,这种假设并没有将手机列入健康事项清单。但是,它提示着脑癌流行病是不可能发生的,但是它的发病率有可能发生小幅增加。

参考资料:
【1】Do mobile phones give you brain cancer?

【2】Non-ionizing and Ionizing Radiations : Recent Highlights

【3】Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study
International Journal of Epidemiology, 2010, doi:10.1093/ije/dyq079

【4】Case-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use
International Journal of Oncology, 24 September 2013, doi:10.3892/ijo.2013.2111

【5】Mobile phone use and brain tumours in the CERENAT case-control study
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2014, doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101754

【6】Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 17 April 2015, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.151

【7】Has the incidence of brain cancer risen in Australia since the introduction of mobile phones 29 years ago?
Cancer Epidemiology, 2016, doi:10.1016/j.canep.2016.04.010

【8】Cancer in Experimental Animals

【9】Report of Partial findings from the National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley® SD rats (Whole Body Exposure)
bioRxiv, 23 June 2016, doi:10.1101/055699

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    2016-10-08 ylzr123

    关注值得学习。赞!好文有待探究。

    0

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    2016-09-10 仗剑一笑踩蘑菇

    继续关注!!!

    0

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    2016-09-03 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142165, encodeId=13ee142165bd, content=关注值得学习。赞!好文有待探究。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 21:11:42 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=121318, encodeId=e45312131868, content=继续关注!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEJz5bKKl8sJRnloknSweFW1xHnXWzcY0AYfD0ERgPzcIgic52ytEvFVn3hYxw8N69x7qhSQr022g9A/0, createdBy=491c1934417, createdName=仗剑一笑踩蘑菇, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 20:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109986, encodeId=85c110998634, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Sep 03 00:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1391867, encodeId=1942139186e9c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=085c8495615' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84956, encryptionId=085c8495615, topicName=脑癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKQHWdlyPWPmuHjfEXicudmC0dJ6SN5PHzglbDHibXpT1VXF2fKDnTzl2Eib4Pf94p58cnSKA3ZfGdFQ/132, createdBy=c44f2500101, createdName=ms2694732865965676, createdTime=Wed Aug 24 04:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102327, encodeId=d12010232ed7, content=远离手机,现代人真的花了太多时间, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160803/IMG57A185CE577478201.jpg, createdBy=bad41730551, createdName=小青虫, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 20:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102287, encodeId=b21d10228e93, content=怎么办?天天用手机看梅斯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 16:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102279, encodeId=cc361022e9ce, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 15:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-22 小青虫

    远离手机,现代人真的花了太多时间

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142165, encodeId=13ee142165bd, content=关注值得学习。赞!好文有待探究。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 21:11:42 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=121318, encodeId=e45312131868, content=继续关注!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEJz5bKKl8sJRnloknSweFW1xHnXWzcY0AYfD0ERgPzcIgic52ytEvFVn3hYxw8N69x7qhSQr022g9A/0, createdBy=491c1934417, createdName=仗剑一笑踩蘑菇, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 20:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109986, encodeId=85c110998634, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Sep 03 00:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1391867, encodeId=1942139186e9c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=085c8495615' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84956, encryptionId=085c8495615, topicName=脑癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKQHWdlyPWPmuHjfEXicudmC0dJ6SN5PHzglbDHibXpT1VXF2fKDnTzl2Eib4Pf94p58cnSKA3ZfGdFQ/132, createdBy=c44f2500101, createdName=ms2694732865965676, createdTime=Wed Aug 24 04:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102327, encodeId=d12010232ed7, content=远离手机,现代人真的花了太多时间, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160803/IMG57A185CE577478201.jpg, createdBy=bad41730551, createdName=小青虫, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 20:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102287, encodeId=b21d10228e93, content=怎么办?天天用手机看梅斯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 16:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102279, encodeId=cc361022e9ce, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 15:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-22 KO229256262

    怎么办?天天用手机看梅斯

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142165, encodeId=13ee142165bd, content=关注值得学习。赞!好文有待探究。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 21:11:42 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=121318, encodeId=e45312131868, content=继续关注!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEJz5bKKl8sJRnloknSweFW1xHnXWzcY0AYfD0ERgPzcIgic52ytEvFVn3hYxw8N69x7qhSQr022g9A/0, createdBy=491c1934417, createdName=仗剑一笑踩蘑菇, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 20:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109986, encodeId=85c110998634, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Sep 03 00:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1391867, encodeId=1942139186e9c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=085c8495615' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84956, encryptionId=085c8495615, topicName=脑癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKQHWdlyPWPmuHjfEXicudmC0dJ6SN5PHzglbDHibXpT1VXF2fKDnTzl2Eib4Pf94p58cnSKA3ZfGdFQ/132, createdBy=c44f2500101, createdName=ms2694732865965676, createdTime=Wed Aug 24 04:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102327, encodeId=d12010232ed7, content=远离手机,现代人真的花了太多时间, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160803/IMG57A185CE577478201.jpg, createdBy=bad41730551, createdName=小青虫, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 20:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102287, encodeId=b21d10228e93, content=怎么办?天天用手机看梅斯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 16:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102279, encodeId=cc361022e9ce, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 15:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-22 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

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