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梅毒抗体阳性为何总爱缠着老人?

2019-06-02 定向点金 检验医学网

梅毒是梅毒螺旋体引起的慢性、系统性性传播疾病。主要通过性途径传播,临床上可表现为一期梅毒、二期梅毒、三期梅毒、潜伏梅毒和先天梅毒(胎传梅毒)等。是《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》中,列为乙类防治管理的病种。在整人群中梅毒抗体阳性率为1.5%左右,但老年人的抗体阳性率却为3%,这是为什么呢?


梅毒是梅毒螺旋体引起的慢性、系统性性传播疾病。主要通过性途径传播,临床上可表现为一期梅毒、二期梅毒、三期梅毒、潜伏梅毒和先天梅毒(胎传梅毒)等。是《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》中,列为乙类防治管理的病种。在整人群中梅毒抗体阳性率为1.5%左右,但老年人的抗体阳性率却为3%,这是为什么呢?

一、整体人群阳性率1.5%左右,老年人约3%,可能原因:

1、原本感染过梅毒,但症状轻微;

2、随着年龄的增长,各种老年病增多,感染及很多内科病都可能会产生类脂类抗体,如上呼吸道感染、类风湿性心脏病、类风湿关节炎、干燥综合症、反复慢性炎症、恶性肿瘤等。

二、尽管有相当一部分抗梅毒抗体阳性的老年人未感染过梅毒,有一些假阳性的因素,但亦有部分老年人确实为梅毒螺旋体感染者,不能因为实验室检测结果存在较高的假阳性,而忽略了老年人梅毒感染,需要做确证实验来核查。以下是老年人梅毒假阳性的可能原因分析:检验医学网

1、年龄因素

老年人生理功能逐步退化,在此年龄段容易出现免疫功能上的异常,产生一些针对链接用的清蛋白抗体或一些异常蛋白质而干扰了检测结果出现假阳性。老年患者易出现免疫功能低下,会产生针对链接用的清蛋白抗体或者是一些异常蛋白质从而干扰了梅毒抗体的ELISA检测。

2、疾病因素

在感染梅毒后患者体内除了会产生针对梅毒的梅毒螺旋体抗体,还会产生一类针对类脂质的抗体,此类抗体无特异性,除感染梅毒外,患者生理状况发生改变或者感染另外一些疾病。人体内也可能产生此类抗体,血清学检测梅毒实际上是检测的这两类抗体。凡能导致产生类脂质抗体的疾病均能导致假阳性产生。

血管疾病的患者大都存在血脂异常,体内大部分都存在抗类脂抗体,而老年人是血管疾病的高发人群均是造成假阳性的主要因素之一。

还有老年人易患自身免疫性疾病,易被细菌、病毒感染,这些疾病可使机体诱导产生类脂质抗体或TP抗体的交叉抗原抑或老年患者体内可能有口腔螺旋体、皮肤相关的螺旋体、肠道螺旋体共生诱导产生抗原群或特异抗原的交叉反应抗体。

3、技术性因素

技术性假阳性主要是由于标本保存不当、检测仪器出现偏差、实验员实验操作不规范等多种原因所造成的一般技术性假阳性,可以通过重复试验进行排除。

对于这个问题,目前比较公认的两个原因是:

1、老年人可能在解放前曾经感染过或接触过梅素螺旋体,症状比较轻,未觉察到。虽然没有经过治疗,但已痊愈,梅毒抗体确认试验可以是阳性的。我们有遇见这种病例,老奶奶告诉我们,她父亲是梅毒患者,她自己没有发病过,但TP、TPPA试验都是阳性的。检验医学网

2、随着年龄的增长,老龄人体内容易产生各种类脂质抗体,一般无特异性。由于人口老龄化,工作中出现比例似乎在增大。这种情况大多表现为TRUST试验阳性,TPPA确认试验阴性。

四、梅毒血清学检测是诊断梅毒的常规手段和重要依据,目前国内外最常用的血清检测方法分为两大类:即非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清试验和梅毒螺旋体抗原血清试验。前者为常规试验方法,用于检测类脂质抗体,目前常用的是TRUST、RPR等;后者为检测梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体的试验方法,主要包括梅毒螺旋体酶联免疫吸附试验(TP-ELISA)和梅毒螺旋体被动颗粒凝集试验TPPA(或梅毒螺旋体血球凝集试验TPHA)等,目前临床常用的方法是TPPA法。

人体感染梅毒后,会在体内产生两类抗体,一类是特异性抗梅毒螺旋抗体,是诊断感染后的指标,但不能反映患者的感染状态,即使治愈后也会长期存在;另一类是抗类脂质抗体,前面提到的TRUST、RPR是针对类脂质产生的抗体而不是直接针对梅毒螺旋体,故无特异性。也就是说,凡是能够导致体内产生类脂质抗体的疾病,都能够使其检测产生阳性结果,从而出现假阳性。老年人的梅毒血清学检查的假阳性率较正常人群高,特别是70岁以上、伴有心脑血管疾病、糖尿病白血病的高龄老人,TRUST、RPR和TPPA同时出现假阳性的情况时有发生。常见的原因有:

1、老年人身体机能减退,常合并一些基础疾病,如心血管病、糖尿病以及癌症等,这些疾病可能使机体释放诱导产生抗类脂抗体和(或)抗TP抗体的交叉抗原。检验医学网

2、老年患者的标本中含有干扰免疫测定的因素。老年人免疫调节功能下降,常伴有类风湿关节炎、上呼吸道感染、慢性肾炎等疾病,更容易产生一些自身抗体、异嗜性抗体以及类风湿因子、异常蛋白质等交叉反应物质,干扰检测结果出现假阳性。

3、与人体共生螺旋体可能诱导产生抗特异抗原的交叉反应抗体。虽然TPPA是直接针对梅毒螺旋体的特异性的检测,但在一般人群中也会有1%的假阳性。

4、临床检测时可能存在血液标本未完全凝固即离心或离心不彻底,纤维蛋白在微孔板上吸附,导致吸光率升高;血液标本产生溶血,细胞内各种酶及活性物质与底物非特异结合而产生的假阳性结果。

因此,诊断梅毒不能单纯凭化验结果,还要结合病史、体检结果、其他化验等综合考虑分析后慎重做出判断,尽量避免梅毒化验结果假阳性造成的误诊,尤其是对老年患者。

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    2019-06-02 124902dfm95暂无昵称

    学习使我进步

    0

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    2019-06-02 133d9d3cm85暂无昵称

    学习了,谢谢

    0

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    2019-06-02 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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