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超声诊断Kommerell憩室1例

2020-07-24 张少云 谢明星 贺林 临床超声医学杂志

患儿男,2岁零10个月,因呼吸困难反复发作入院。胎儿期时行产前超声检查发现“左锁骨下迷走动脉”,出生后生长发育正常,自半岁起常于哭闹时出现口唇发绀、面颊发紫、喘憋,1岁后情况好

患儿男,2岁零10个月,因呼吸困难反复发作入院。胎儿期时行产前超声检查发现“左锁骨下迷走动脉”,出生后生长发育正常,自半岁起常于哭闹时出现口唇发绀、面颊发紫、喘憋,1岁后情况好转。

体格检查:口唇红润,听诊区未闻及心脏杂音,双肺呼吸音稍粗,双下肢无水肿,足背动脉搏动可。超声心动图检查:主动脉弓呈右位,降主动脉基本走行于脊柱左侧,主动脉弓上似可见4根分支,自右向左分别为右锁骨下动脉、右颈总动脉、左颈总动脉及左锁骨下动脉,左锁骨下动脉似见起始于降主动脉左后壁且管腔膨大(最大径约1.3 cm),向上走行(图1),主动脉弓降段未见明显缩窄,心内形态结构及瓣膜活动大致正常;CDFI示主动脉弓及其分支内血流通畅。超声提示:主动脉弓部畸形,右位主动脉弓(疑似4根分支发出),迷走左锁骨下动脉并起始段膨大,考虑Kommerell憩室可能。


图1 胸骨上窝切面观示膨大的迷走左锁骨下动脉起自主动脉弓降部左后壁并向左上走行

后行主动脉CTA+三维重建检查,诊断为先天性心脏病(右位主动脉弓及降主动脉,迷走左锁骨下动脉,Kommerell憩室),合并气管与食管受压变窄(图2)。患儿入院后即行手术治疗。


图2 图左示膨大的迷走左锁骨下动脉起自主动脉弓降部左后壁并向左上走行;图右示气管局部受膨大的迷走左锁骨下动脉挤压推移并形成明显压迹(箭头示)

术中探查:右位主动脉弓,降主动脉位于脊柱左前方,主动脉弓自右向左依次发出右锁骨下动脉、右颈总动脉、左颈总动脉及迷走左锁骨下动脉。左锁骨下动脉起源于降主动脉起始段,起始部膨大约1.5 cm。动脉导管韧带位于左侧构成血管环压迫食管和气管。后行“迷走左锁骨下动脉+Kommerell憩室矫治术”:手术游离主动脉弓及其分支,切断左侧动脉导管韧带,自Kommerell憩室处离断左锁骨下动脉并连续缝合主动脉侧断端,将左锁骨下动脉与邻近颈动脉行端侧吻合。术后复查超声心动图示左锁骨下动脉与颈动脉吻合口处血流通畅(图3)。


图3 矫治术后复查超声示左锁骨下动脉与同侧颈动脉端侧吻合处血流通畅

讨论

Kommerell憩室是主动脉弓先天性发育异常,是由第四主动脉弓背残迹引起的,最早于1936年由放射科医师Kommerell报道而得名。Kommerell憩室可以发生于左位或右位主动脉弓,多为主动脉弓降段异常膨大并有一个异常起源的锁骨下动脉形成对气管和(或)食管的挤压而引起相关的临床症状。小儿患者常表现为气道症状,本例患儿因年龄较小,气管受Kommerell憩室及动脉导管韧带压迫,导致患儿呼吸困难、憋气等临床症状明显。

本例患儿超声心动图检查在排除了心内先天畸形及病变后,经胸骨上窝切面探查发现存在右位主动脉弓并4根分支,后经反复多切面探查发现其左锁骨下动脉发出位置异常且起始段明显膨大,最终诊断左锁骨下动脉迷走并Kommerell憩室,为临床决策起到了重要的指导作用。

当超声在诊断Kommerell憩室存在以下问题需采用CTA确诊:①主动脉弓及分支受肺气干扰显示欠清晰;②当发生锁骨下动脉迷走时,胸骨上窝主动脉弓长轴标准切面常不能很好地显示主动脉弓及其分支;③单发Kommerell憩室时心脏结构及瓣膜功能常无明显异常。综上所述,超声对诊断Kommerell憩室,特别是婴幼儿患者具有重要的临床价值,超声医师应重视胸骨上窝切面的常规探查,当发现主动脉弓走行异常和(或)标准主动脉弓长轴切面无法显示正常的主动脉弓及其顺序排列的3根分支时,应更耐心细致行多切面多角度探查。

原始出处:

张少云,谢明星,贺林.超声诊断Kommerell憩室1例[J].临床超声医学杂志,2019,21(03):241.

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