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咳嗽1年,真菌方面抗原检查、痰培养、肿瘤标志物均阴性,何病?

2017-03-15 陈平;诸兰艳 呼吸系统疑难病例解析

患者,男性,62岁,因咳嗽、咳痰1年,症状加重伴胸痛10天,咯血2天,于2009年2月21日入院。患者2008年2月间无明显诱因出现反复咳嗽、咳黄痰,量不多,无发热、胸痛、气促等。2009年2月11日咳嗽咳痰加重并出现胸痛,非放射性。

一、病史摘要

患者,男性,62岁,因咳嗽、咳痰1年,症状加重伴胸痛10天,咯血2天,于2009年2月21日入院。患者2008年2月间无明显诱因出现反复咳嗽、咳黄痰,量不多,无发热、胸痛、气促等。2009年2月11日咳嗽咳痰加重并出现胸痛,非放射性。到当地医院就诊,诊断为“肺炎、胸膜炎”,予以阿洛西林、克林霉素等治疗后,症状稍缓解,2009年2月19日无明显诱因出现咯血,为鲜红色,查胸部CT(图4‐1)发现左下肺占位性病变及右下肺后段小结节状高密度影。患者吸烟10余年,1包/天

图4‐1 肺CT(2009‐02‐20)

入院查体

T37﹒2℃,P82次/分,R20次/分,BP152/90mmHg。双肺呼吸音低,未闻及明显干湿啰音,心脏、腹部检查无异常。

辅助检查

血常规、大小便常规、肝肾功能、真菌全套、肿瘤标志物均(-);血沉36mm/h;金标结核抗体(+);PPD皮试1∶2000和1∶10000均(-);痰培养+药敏示正常菌群;4次痰涂片抗酸染色均(-)。

二、诊治经过

患者为老年男性,咳嗽1年,病程中有胸痛、咯血,胸部CT示左下肺及右下肺后段小结节状高密度影,外院考虑肺炎但治疗无效,入院后针对感染病原学进一步排查,结核的依据不多,而且病灶也不在结核的好发部位,真菌方面抗原检查阴性,痰培养也阴性。肿瘤标志物阴性,为进一步明确诊断,行支气管镜检查,镜下见左下叶支气管活动性出血;各支气管通畅,未见肿瘤。支气管肺泡灌洗液见较多分叶核细胞,少数淋巴细胞;在左下基底支行肺活检,病理组织学示肺泡腔及间质中见成团组织细胞浸润,未见恶性肿瘤细胞,抗酸染色(-),A/P染色组织细胞内见念珠菌菌丝。确诊后予氟康唑抗真菌治疗。

三、最后诊断

肺侵袭性真菌病(念珠菌)。

四、述评

肺念珠菌病是一种由念珠菌属引起的肺部感染性疾病,主要包括肺和支气管的念珠菌感染所致的相关病变,如支气管炎、气管肺炎、肺炎、肺脓肿,以及过敏性肺病变等,但不包括真菌定植。一般源于误吸或经血行播散。临床症状有发热、咳嗽、咳白色黏液痰,相当黏稠或有胶冻样小块物,偶带血丝,亦可见浓痰。肺部可闻及啰音。X线呈支气管肺炎或片状浸润及融合,边缘模糊,形态多变,大多位于中下肺野,可有空洞形成。经支气管镜或经皮肺活检,病理组织查到菌丝及酵母样孢子可确诊。治疗选择卡泊芬净、米卡芬净,亦可用氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B。此例患者临床症状及影像学表现均无特异性,最终经支气管镜取肺组织活检确诊为肺部念珠菌感染,结合病史考虑为原发性肺部浸润性真菌感染。原发性肺侵袭性真菌病多见于社区获得性感染,宿主可以没有真菌感染的危险因素,临床过程相对缓和,凶险程度较低,临床处理要求尽可能确诊后选择治疗。而继发性肺侵袭性真菌病大多为医院获得性感染,宿主存在比较明确的真菌感染高危因素,临床过程急骤、凶险,需综合分析和判断,及时行拟诊治疗或临床诊断治疗。

临床小贴士

肺念珠菌病的临床表现无特异性,对于患有慢性疾病、免疫力低下、长期使用激素或抗生素治疗等高危人群出现肺部感染征象,需警惕念珠菌感染。

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    2017-03-17 zhaojie88
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    2017-03-16 明心见性

    学习了,有时候诊断确实很困难!

    0

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    2017-03-16 飛歌

    学习了,长见识了

    0

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