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2011原发性骨质疏松症诊治指南简介

2011-08-22 邢小平 医学论坛网

  8月19日,在第十次全国内分泌学学术会议上,中国医学科学院北京协和医院邢小平教授介绍了2011年原发性骨质疏松症诊治指南。邢教授指出,新版指南的三大亮点体现在:指导临床快速找出骨松高危人群,利于早诊;强调鉴别诊断,避免漏诊、误诊;在药物干预方面增加了两项适应证,并更关注药物治疗的安全性。   骨质疏松风险评估与骨质疏松性骨折风险预测   WHO根据T值将人群分为骨质正常、骨质减少、骨质疏松

  8月19日,在第十次全国内分泌学学术会议上,中国医学科学院北京协和医院邢小平教授介绍了2011年原发性骨质疏松症诊治指南。邢教授指出,新版指南的三大亮点体现在:指导临床快速找出骨松高危人群,利于早诊;强调鉴别诊断,避免漏诊、误诊;在药物干预方面增加了两项适应证,并更关注药物治疗的安全性。

  骨质疏松风险评估与骨质疏松性骨折风险预测

  WHO根据T值将人群分为骨质正常、骨质减少、骨质疏松以及重度或明确的骨质疏松4类。实际上,大部分人群骨健康处于骨量减少、骨质量下降的状态。骨折高风险人群是骨质疏松防治的目标人群,进行有效的骨质疏松危险因素及风险评估可有效筛选出上述目标人群。

  临床评估骨质疏松风险的方法较多,新版指南推荐了2种敏感性较高又操作方便的简易评估方法作为初筛工具:国际骨质疏松症基金会(IOF)骨质疏松症风险一分钟测试题与亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛选工具(OSTA)。当IOF骨质疏松症风险一分钟测试结果为阳性或OSTA检测结果≤-1(中度风险以上),建议受试者测骨密度(BMD)。

  关于骨质疏松性骨折的风险预测,WHO推荐应用骨折风险预测简易工具(FRAX®),用于计算受试者未来10年发生髋部骨折及任何重要骨质疏松性骨折的发生风险。应用FRAX®计算,髋部骨折概率≥3%或任何重要的骨质疏松性骨折发生概率≥20%被列为骨质疏松性骨折高危患者。

  骨质疏松的诊断与鉴别诊断

  诊断骨质疏松症的完整内容应包括两个方面,即确定骨质疏松和排除其他影响骨代谢疾病。临床上用于诊断骨质疏松症的通用指标是发生了脆性骨折和(或)骨密度低下。新版指南建议参照WHO推荐的基于DXA测定的骨密度诊断标准:骨密度值低于同性别、同种族正常成人的骨峰值不足1个标准差属于正常;降低1~2.5个标准差之间为骨量低下;降低程度等于和大于2.5个标准差为骨质疏松;骨密度降低程度符合骨质疏松诊断标准同时伴有一处或多处骨折时为严重骨质疏松。骨转换标志物的测定有助于判断骨转换类型、骨丢失速率、骨折风险评估、了解病情进展、干预措施的选择以及疗效监测等。

  骨质疏松可由多种病因所致。在诊断原发性骨质疏松症之前,一定要重视排除其他影响骨代谢的疾病,以免发生漏诊或误诊。如原发性甲旁亢患者、骨软化患者长期就诊于风湿科,其实上述患者体内血磷、血钙或甲状旁腺素(PTH)水平已偏离正常值。再如亚临床库兴综合征患者可以以骨折作为首发症状就诊。类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎可以刺激破骨细胞活性因子水平升高,患者在尚未接受激素治疗时就可能出现全身性骨质疏松。此外,多发性骨髓瘤、白血病以及消化系统、遗传性疾病以及其他原因引起的骨质疏松风险也应引起临床重视。

  骨质疏松的治疗

  各种骨质疏松症的治疗方案均须以钙和维生素D的充足摄入作为基础措施。具备以下情况之一者须考虑药物治疗:①确诊骨质疏松症患者(T值≤- 2.5),无论是否有过骨折;②骨量低下者(-2.5<T值≤-1.0)并存在一项以上骨质疏松危险因素,无论是否有过骨折;③无骨密度测定条件时,具备以下情况之一者也须考虑药物治疗:已发生过脆性骨折或OSTA筛查为“高风险”(OSTA指数<-4)或用FRAX®工具计算出髋部骨折概率≥3%或任何重要的骨质疏松性骨折发生概率≥20%(加粗内容为新版指南增加的骨松药物干预适应证)。

  临床上抗骨质疏松药物的疗效判断应当包括是否能提高骨量和骨质量,最终降低骨折风险,并且应注意药物的安全性评估。

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    2017-02-27 纯净水

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    2011-08-24 Eleven17
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