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肥胖患者气管内麻醉并发细支气管痉挛1例报告

2018-04-25 吴金萍 吉林医学

患者,男,46岁,体重115kg,身高176cm,右尺骨鹰嘴骨折。

【一般资料】

患者,男,46岁,体重115kg,身高176cm,

【初步诊断

右尺骨鹰嘴骨折。

【辅助检查】

实验室检查血常规:Hb158g/L,RBC5.47×1012,Plt304×1012,凝血酶原时间11.8s,血K+4.0mmol/L,血糖7.9mmol/L,肝肾功能正常。心电图正常。

【既往史】

高血压病史2年,不规则服药,吸烟史20年,4包/d,无麻醉史,无药物过敏史。近期无呼吸道感染

【体格检查】

Bp190/101mmHg(1mmHg=0.1333kPa),HR106次/min,SpO292%。

【治疗】

面罩去氮吸氧,咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg,丙泊酚2mg/kg,地塞米松10mg,顺阿曲库0.15mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.05μg/kg静脉滴注,视可尼喉镜暴露声门,顺利插入7.5气管导管,深度22cm听诊双侧呼吸音对称,固定气管导管,SpO299%,气道压力为22cmH2O,接迈瑞麻醉机,呼吸参数:Vt8ml/kg,f12次/min,吸呼比1∶2,麻醉维持:丙泊酚1~2mg/kg,瑞芬太尼5~10μg/(kg·h),顺阿曲库铵0.08mg/(kg·h),当麻醉20min后发现:气道压力数值逐渐向上增加至29~30mmHg,潮气量限制。立即听诊两肺,呼吸音粗且有哮鸣音痰鸣音,吸痰,沙丁胺醇气管内喷雾,氨茶碱0.25缓慢静脉滴注,静脉给米乐松120mg,症状没有改善,同时气道压力逐渐增高≥30mmHg,SpO2渐渐下降至90%,启用纤维支气管镜插入检查:气管导管位置正确,深度合适,气管内无痰液,无误吸物,但听诊两肺依然布满痰鸣音,随着时间的推移,麻醉药物代谢,患者自主呼吸恢复,意识清醒,呛咳大量痰液,气道阻力下降,潮气量可输入,两肺哮鸣音消失,SpO2恢复至99%,生命体征平稳,顺利拔管。在这期间,测动脉血气分析结果如下:pH值7.275,PaO2100%,PCO257.9%,HCO326.9,BE0,SaO297%,LA2.61。

【讨论】

根据气管,支气管,细支气管病理学特点,气道黏膜水肿、痉挛、痰液是增加气道压力的三大原因,有资料调查显示吸烟与气管炎性反应之间有关系,香烟烟雾首先接触的是呼吸道黏膜,干热的烟雾可引起刺激性咳嗽,同时又使这些黏膜变得十分干燥,并慢性充血。为了使呼吸道黏膜继续保持湿润、黏膜细胞代偿性地分泌过量的黏液,这些过量的黏液排出体外,就是平常的痰液,长期吸烟者普遍有慢性咳嗽、痰多。此外,烟雾中的烟尘微粒比空气中的微粒多5万倍,而且烟尘微粒中含有很多有害物质,它们可使纤毛中毒、受损,可使分泌的黏液发生凝固,从而使纤毛和黏液失去抵抗和保护的功能。于是,大量的毒物以及细菌均可乘虚而入,进入并停滞在支气管及肺泡里,这就可能引起呼吸道炎症。长期大量吸烟会引起慢性支气管炎甚至导致肺气肿。吸烟会诱发哮喘,哮喘的本质是气道的慢性炎症。烟草中含有大量尼古丁、焦油、氰皮氢酸等成分,尼古丁可刺激迷走神经而引起支气管痉挛,焦油可引起支气管黏膜上的增生和变异,氰氢酸损害支气管黏膜上皮细胞及其纤毛,使支气管黏膜分泌黏液增多,气道阻力增加,使肺的净化功能和纤毛活动减弱,反射性地引起支气管痉挛,所以吸烟可直接间接地引起支气管痉挛,痉挛加痰液使气道压力渐渐增高,该患者与常人不同,主要表现在细支气管分泌大量的痰液,痰液又促使细支气管痉挛,痉挛和痰液互为因果关系。由于痰液位置较深,所以反复吸痰未果,麻醉处理难度较大风险很高。另外气道高敏反应也可引起气管痉挛,气道高敏反应是指气管支气管本身对各种刺激特异性抗原和非特异性抗原刺激,如物理、化学刺激呈过度反应。气道高反应产生机制十分复杂,一般认为,与过刺激、过反应有关。过刺激指的是平滑肌本身的反应性正常,但因神经性、体液性、局部细胞性等因素使收缩气道平滑肌的化学物质分泌增多或舒张气道平滑肌的化学物质分泌减少而使气道处于收缩状态。过反应指的是平滑肌对化学收缩物质反应亢进,即在化学刺激浓度不增加的情况下,引起支气管痉挛。高反应性BHR常有家族倾向,受遗传因素影响,但外因性作用更为重要。目前普遍认为,炎症是导致气道高敏反应最重要的机理之一。该患者肥胖,重度吸烟,小气道有慢性炎症,当气管导管进入气道易触发高敏反应,诱发细支气管痉挛,炎症又导致痰液增加,互为因果。重视麻醉前评估,术前访视患者要仔细,除了询问病史,实验室检查外,还需要了解患者特殊嗜好如吸烟史,吸烟量和年限,过敏史,体重指数,以便制定一个合理的,安全的麻醉方案。

原始出处:

吴金萍. 肥胖患者气管内麻醉并发细支气管痉挛1例报告[J]. 吉林医学, 2017, 38(3):598-598.

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    2018-06-29 丁鹏鹏
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    2018-04-27 apoenzyme
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    2018-04-25 有备才能无患

    根据气管.支气管.细支气管病理学特点.气道黏膜水肿.痉挛.痰液是增加气道压力的三大原因.有资料调查显示吸烟与气管炎性反应之间有关系.香烟烟雾首先接触的是呼吸道黏膜.干热的烟雾可引起刺激性咳嗽.同时又使这些黏膜变得十分干燥.并慢性充血

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