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Nat Biotech:华人科学家分析13个著名实验室海拉细胞发现,它们或已进化成新“物种”,癌症研究现危机

2019-02-24 奇点糕 奇点网

2016年,《自然》杂志做的一项调查显示,超过70%的研究者称无法再现其他科学家的实验。这让科学界出现了“再现危机”,也严重阻碍了科学的进步和科研成果的转化。 去年8月,我们曾报道,科学家在数据库中发现,科研机构的癌细胞系竟然在偷偷进化,甚至对药物的反应也产生了大幅度的变化,严重影响了抗癌药物的研发。这绝对值得科研人员警惕。 最近,耶鲁大学的刘延盛实验室和苏黎世联邦理工大学的Ruedi A

2016年,《自然》杂志做的一项调查显示,超过70%的研究者称无法再现其他科学家的实验。这让科学界出现了“再现危机”,也严重阻碍了科学的进步和科研成果的转化。

去年8月,我们曾报道,科学家在数据库中发现,科研机构的癌细胞系竟然在偷偷进化,甚至对药物的反应也产生了大幅度的变化,严重影响了抗癌药物的研发。这绝对值得科研人员警惕。

最近,耶鲁大学的刘延盛实验室和苏黎世联邦理工大学的Ruedi Aebersold实验室合作,对6个国家13个顶级实验室的海拉细胞系(一种使用最广泛的癌症细胞系),进行细致的分析,发现不同实验室的海拉细胞系从基因组到转录组,再到蛋白组和细胞表型,都发生了翻天覆地的变化。

比如,对于同一种海拉细胞系,在同样培养条件下,细胞数量翻倍所需要的时间竟然存在成倍的差距。其他生理功能,如对细菌感染的反应也截然不同。甚至细胞只要多传一两代,整个“胞”就都变了样。相关研究发表在顶级学术期刊Nature Biotechnology上。

左:刘延盛  右:Ruedi Aebersold

这项研究将实验无法再现的担忧推到了另一个层次,也提醒还在实验室辛辛苦苦用细胞系筛药、研究机制的同学们注意了,用差异如此巨大的材料去做实验,怎么可能做出一致结果!(文章后面有作者提出的应对措施)

《自然》提出“再现危机”时,确实让学术界慌了神,如此大面积的实验无法再现,那直接动摇科学界的根基了。

如果是说出现了大规模的造假,那显然是太过阴谋论了,毕竟学术界一向是对学术不端零容忍的。况且这些年来,科技的进步对世界的改变有目共睹。

那究竟是什么原因造成了这个结果呢?

生物学研究,尤其是癌症研究,大部分都是从细胞系从出发的。而细胞材料本身的变化肯定是一个核心影响因素。

比如之前就有报道称,有科研机构的细胞系标签打错,影响了无数实验室的研究。

打错标签,在哪里都存在......

当然,还有更重要的一个问题,那就是细胞系自身基因组变异的问题了。毕竟不同地方细胞的培养条件都不同,而细胞经过反复传代,遗传物质也会有变化。例如,我们开头所提到的癌细胞系的进化。

而说到细胞系,海拉细胞系大家一定最熟悉了。从上世纪50年代以来,海拉细胞系在世界各个实验室中“流传”。目前,已有超过100000篇论文的研究使用或直接引用了来自海拉细胞系的实验结果。可见海拉细胞影响之大。

那这些使用广泛的海拉细胞系之间到底有多大差别呢?我们并不清楚。这个问题迫切需要阐明。

对此,刘延盛博士带领的联合团队进行详细的研究。他们从各大实验室搜集了海拉细胞系,利用基因芯片技术(微阵列比较基因组杂交技术)、转录组测序以及蛋白质谱技术等,对这些细胞系进行分析,并且还测量了细胞的各种生理表型,系统地比较了各细胞系的差异。

首先是基因组的变化。研究人员发现不同实验室的海拉细胞系之间,在基因组结构上就有很大的差异。很多细胞中,基因的拷贝数都不一样,甚至染色体倍数都发生了改变。染色体数量改变,那随随便便就影响上千个基因了。

不同来源的海拉细胞系基因拷贝数差别明显

基因表达谱的变化更明显。科学家让所有的细胞系都处于静息状态,不给刺激,然后进行转录组和蛋白组测序,比较了海拉细胞系的两种类型:CCL2和Kyoto的表达谱,定量分析了11365个转录本、5030种蛋白的水平。通过主成分分析表明,两种细胞系的表达谱在各个层面都有显着差异。

从mRNA到蛋白质,差异明显

不仅如此,比较同一个来源但不同代数的海拉细胞系,发现12代的细胞与14代的细胞之间竟然有731个基因的表达存在显着差异,并且有166个反应到了蛋白水平上。而第七代与第50代之间的差异就更大了,整合素信号通路、内切酶活性的调控通路、炎症反应通路这些非常基础的功能,都有大幅的改变。用不同代的细胞系做实验的同学可得注意了。

基因组——转录组——蛋白组都有大量变化,那细胞本身的生理表型也就不可避免的会改变了。

研究人员对不同来源的细胞系进行培养,发现细胞数量翻倍所需的时间,竟然从17.5个小时到32.3个小时不等。而这些细胞中,63种细胞周期相关蛋白的表达也差异明显。

不同来源的海拉细胞,复制速率差异巨大

随后,研究人员用沙门氏菌感染不同的来源、不同代数的海拉细胞系,发现感染率有很大的不同。而在应对细菌感染时,不同细胞系表达的蛋白差别很大,如下图。

左图:不同细胞的感染复数   右图:不同细胞感染后蛋白表达的差异

事实上,这一项研究无法穷尽不同来源细胞系之间的差异,但结果仍然让人触目惊心。

本研究是重点关注了海拉细胞系,但这不意味着其他细胞系就没有问题,比如我们另一篇文章中提到了MCF-7乳腺癌细胞系。因此,细胞系的变异问题可能是一个普遍的现象,如果不加以重视,可能会严重阻碍生命科学和医学的发展。

对此,本论文的作者也发出了如下几个倡议:

第一,未来海拉细胞系相关的研究,都至少注明是CCL2细胞系还是 Kyoto细胞系;

第二,使用早期传代的细胞系进行实验,并标明所用细胞系的代数;

第三,对于癌细胞重要生理表型的观察,应使用不同样本,不同细胞模型,不同实验室来源的细胞系进行对比。

第四,呼吁科学家团体展开讨论,并考虑运用更加精确的分子特征,对细胞进行认证。

原始出处:Yansheng Liu, Yang Mi, Torsten Mueller, et al. Multi-omic measurements of heterogeneity in HeLa cells across laboratories. Nat Biotech. 18 February 2019

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    2019-12-11 cathymary
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    2019-11-19 sunylz
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    2019-03-09 shock_melon
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    2019-08-01 liye789132251
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