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球囊静脉成形术成功治疗难治性颅内静脉窦血栓形成1例报告

2021-12-25 ANDs 网络

球囊静脉成形术成功治疗难治性颅内静脉窦血栓形成1例报告

刘春梅1,王春美2,吴立山2,周宏伟2,邓方2,石明超2,高佩红2,陈威2

作者单位:1、长春市妇产医院  2、吉林大学白求恩第一医院放射科

肝素抗凝治疗对于CVST的患者是首选治疗,全身系统抗凝可以有效预防新鲜血栓的形成。近年来,血管内介入治疗也越来越多应用于难治性CVST的患者,血管内治疗可以实现血管的快速再通,挽救缺血的脑组织。现报道1例确诊为CVST的患者,经肝素抗凝治疗后病情恶化,采用球囊静脉成形术治疗右侧乙状窦静脉血栓。术后患者病情好转。经过数月随访,患者未出现复发。

颅内静脉窦血栓形成(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis)是一种少见的且并发症严重的脑血管疾病,其临床表现多样、缺乏特异性。该病常常发生于青中年人,特别是外源性激素治疗、妊娠、产后等原因使血液处于高凝状态的人群。CVST常因误诊和治疗不当,具有较高的致残率及病死率。影像学诊断对于CVST的早期诊断有着重要的作用。在临床上,肝素抗凝治疗是CVST的首选治疗方法。对于病程进展较快,常规抗凝治疗在短期内难以达到良好效果的CVST,特别是具有出血倾向的CVST的患者,血管内治疗已成为缓解疾病进展的有效手段之一。 

1、临床资料

患者,女,55岁,因“头痛、头晕伴视力模糊20d,加重3d”入院。患者近1y内因阴道出血口服回流药物(具体不详)。患者于当地医院行腰穿测颅压>300mmH2O,给予脱水降颅压、抗凝、营养神经治疗后,患者头痛、头晕症状减轻,但视力模糊症状加重。入我院后,头部MRV显示右侧乙状窦、横窦显示不清(1A);患者头颈部静脉3DFSE黑血序列检查,提示右侧乙状窦管腔内见高信号填充(见图1B)。眼底检查发现双侧视乳头明显水肿。实验室检查发现D-二聚体升高:401.00 μg/L,提示血液处于高凝状态。结合以上检查,考虑CVST,继续给予脱水降颅压、抗凝、营养神经治疗。

 

治疗一段时间以后,患者逐渐失明,行腰穿测颅压>400mmH2O,提示患者病情恶化。尿潜血实验阳性,提示有出血倾向。为改善患者预后,减轻患者症状,经过专家组讨论,我们对患者进行了球囊静脉成形术治疗其右侧乙状窦血栓,术中DSA显示,右侧静脉窦发育优势,右侧乙状窦未见显示,管腔重度狭窄,并可见侧支循环建立(见图1C)。球囊扩张狭窄的右侧乙状窦后,管腔狭窄改善,患者症状明显改善。头部MRV图像上显示右侧乙状窦再通(见图2A),3DFSE黑血序列显示右侧乙状窦不正常的高信号消失(见图2B),DSA显示右侧乙状窦管腔显影明显(见图2C)。颅压降为270mmH20,双侧眼底视乳头水肿明显减轻,视力逐渐恢复。经过几天的肝素抗凝治疗后,患者好转出院,出院后继续口服抗凝药物,并定期随访。经过几个月的随访,患者的异常症状完全消失,各种实验室检查及影像学检查结果趋于正常。

 

 

2、讨论

颅内静脉窦血栓形成(cerebal venous and sinus thrombosis,CVST)是一种特殊类型的脑血管疾病,是由于脑静脉窦血管内血栓形成,导致管腔狭窄或堵塞,从而出现脑静脉血液回流受阻,并伴有脑脊液吸收障碍引起颅内高压。CVST临床上较为少见,多见于青壮年。对于我们的患者,左侧颈内静脉及脑静脉窦纤细,导致右侧静脉窦血液分流增多,造成血流缓慢。因阴道出血患者间断口服回流药物,我们推测回流药物中含有使血液处于高凝状态的雌激素。脑MRI合并MRV是诊断CVST的最敏感和最好的方式,可以显示静脉窦血流量减低或缺失,如本病例所示。鉴于静脉解剖的变化及流空现象存在,有时在MRV上不可能完全排除颅内静脉窦血栓形成。最近3DFSE黑血序列被应用于血管壁的评估,一项研究表明,血栓可以在3DFSE黑血序列中显示为腔内高信号。
 
目前,抗凝治疗是CVST的一线治疗方法,全身抗凝治疗可有效预防血栓脱落和预防深静脉血栓形成和栓塞。然而,单独的抗凝药物对于大面积和广泛的血栓作用不佳。对于抗凝治疗后患者病情恶化或有出血倾向的颅内静脉窦血栓形成的患者,机械性血栓切除术、血栓抽吸术或球囊静脉成形术等血管内治疗可以作为抗凝后替代选择。
 
对于我们的患者我们采用的是球囊静脉成形术,术后患者病情明显好转,阻塞的静脉窦实现了再通。球囊扩张成功的原因可能是由于球囊把松散的血栓压平并扩张了血管,使管腔在直径上恢复正常。与血管内血栓切除术相比,球囊扩张可迅速实现静脉窦再血管化,减少医源性出血。与血管内支架相比,球囊灵活柔软,很容易输送到像乙状窦这样弯曲血管的病变处。由于球囊扩张治疗CVST的临床应用有限,缺乏临床证据,进一步的研究是必要的。因此,对于已被明确诊断为CVST的患者,当抗凝效果不佳时,可以考虑球囊静脉成形术治疗CVST。
选自《中风与神经疾病杂志》2021年9月第38卷第9期

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    2021-12-29 花花1366
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    2021-12-29 freve
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