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睡眠中的“舞蹈”——快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍

2015-10-21 张琳 赵忠新 第二军医大学附属长征医院神经内科

老李今年60岁,身体一向健康,但是最近在他身上发生了一些奇怪的事情,在夜晚大家都酣然入梦的时候,老李突然在睡梦中开始出现手脚挥舞,好似舞蹈一般,严重时还会大力的挥拳、踢腿、大声喊叫,甚至从床上掉下来。老伴被他吵醒,而他自己却不知道发生了什么,只记得刚刚正在做梦,梦中正被别人追赶。更槽糕的是这种情况越来越严重,几乎每周都有1-2次发生,几个月下来,老李已经数次撞破了胳膊,跌破了头,甚至还打伤了老伴。

老李今年60岁,身体一向健康,但是最近在他身上发生了一些奇怪的事情,在夜晚大家都酣然入梦的时候,老李突然在睡梦中开始出现手脚挥舞,好似舞蹈一般,严重时还会大力的挥拳、踢腿、大声喊叫,甚至从床上掉下来。老伴被他吵醒,而他自己却不知道发生了什么,只记得刚刚正在做梦,梦中正被别人追赶。更槽糕的是这种情况越来越严重,几乎每周都有1-2次发生,几个月下来,老李已经数次撞破了胳膊,跌破了头,甚至还打伤了老伴。老李至此对睡眠恐惧不已,不得不到医院来求助,那么老李究竟是出了什么问题?这夜间睡眠中奇怪的“舞蹈”究竟是怎么回事呢?

老李的这种睡眠异常行为在医学上是一种睡眠障碍疾病,称为快速眼动期睡眠行为障碍(REM Sleep Behavior Disorder,RBD)即REM期睡眠行为障碍,REM期睡眠是正常睡眠的一个重要组成部分,相对于非快速眼动期睡眠(NREM期)而言有其自身的特征,即在REM睡眠期全身绝大部分肌肉肌张力都应消失,肌肉松弛不能活动,而RBD就是在REM睡眠期内出现了肌肉的失弛缓现象,并伴有与梦境内容密切相关的复杂行为动作。快速眼动期睡眠行为障碍多见于50-70岁的中老年人群,但也可起始于任何年龄,男性的患病率远高于女性。

快速眼动期睡眠行为障碍患者主要表现为睡眠中突发的、大幅度的运动行为,如在床上挥动手臂、踢腿、喊叫、起床,偶可出现磨牙、大笑、唱歌等。这些行为可以造成严重的后果,甚至对本人或同床睡眠者造成伤害,通常需要极大声音或触动才能将患者唤醒,唤醒后患者多能描述生动的、内容各异的梦境,异常动作行为常与梦境内容密切相关。本现象一般在入睡90分钟后开始出现,发作频率数周一次到每晚数次不等。有些患者会采取一些自我保护措施,比如将自己绑在床上,使用睡袋,或者睡在只有一个床垫的空屋子里等等,给自己和家人都带来巨大痛苦,甚至产生对睡眠的恐惧。

快速眼动期睡眠行为障碍的病因至今不明确,40%的患者发病与神经系统退行性疾病有关,如帕金森病、多系统萎缩、路易体痴呆等等,常常是这些疾病伴发的一种临床表现。但也有60%的患者无明确原因,但是现在研究发现RBD与帕金森病、多系统萎缩、痴呆等这类神经系统变性疾病密切相关,称之为共核蛋白病(synucleinopathies),快速眼动期睡眠行为紊乱可能只是上述这些疾病的首发症状,在RBD发病数年或数十年之后,上述这些神经变性疾病会陆续表露出来。本病也可发生于某些药物应用或撤药时,比如抗抑郁药、中枢性抗胆碱药以及镇静催眠药等等。

临床上医生可通过详细询问病史及多导睡眠图检查发现该病。多导睡眠图检查是一种对睡眠情况客观评价的检查手段,通过该检查可发现REM期睡眠时出现的异常肌电活动,下颌或肢体肌电图显示时相性肌电活动增多并伴有异常行为。部分患者还可伴有周期性肢体运动。同时多导睡眠监测还可帮助排除其它一些发作性疾病,如睡眠期的癫痫发作、异常觉醒、睡惊症等等。

本病主要通过药物治疗缓解,通常可以较好控制。小剂量的氯硝安定片(氯硝西泮)可以减少患者夜间运动症状,一般可以取得明显的治疗效果。同时应注意采取保护措施以防止继发性损伤,如床边安装护栏,床旁不要放置尖锐、易碎物品等等,这些措施都有助于减少本病患者发作时可能出现的潜在危险,对于不能用药物治疗或药物治疗效果不好的患者尤为重要。

由于RBD与帕金森病、多系统萎缩、痴呆等神经系统变性疾病之间的密切关系,所以出现RBD症状的患者需警惕自身其它异常表现的出现,如行动迟缓、肢体僵硬、记忆力减退等等,若有新症状发生,需及时到医院就诊,做到早发现早治疗。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1709758, encodeId=c00e1e09758b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3c0e90045ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#行为障碍#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90045, encryptionId=3c0e90045ac, topicName=行为障碍)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=895a31785550, createdName=12498cb5m23暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Sep 04 07:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684039, encodeId=4d2d168403963, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fee2770d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#眼球#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72770, encryptionId=a9fee2770d0, topicName=眼球)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a38928025675, createdName=刘阔, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 15:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40211, encodeId=6c124021187, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEKh7liafwbwia2vZa0DhaL13r4YKfibqM0FcdBd6qREU6L8xBEp7xhM7v4tpxo2WAKcU9UrZ77Hty92w/132, createdBy=f74d1656919, createdName=来去匆匆, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 09:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40138, encodeId=fd714013828, content=加油, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4b531630898, createdName=pine007, createdTime=Wed Oct 21 21:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40092, encodeId=15ba400929f, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=197, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Wed Oct 21 20:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-25 刘阔
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1709758, encodeId=c00e1e09758b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3c0e90045ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#行为障碍#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90045, encryptionId=3c0e90045ac, topicName=行为障碍)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=895a31785550, createdName=12498cb5m23暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Sep 04 07:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684039, encodeId=4d2d168403963, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fee2770d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#眼球#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72770, encryptionId=a9fee2770d0, topicName=眼球)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a38928025675, createdName=刘阔, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 15:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40211, encodeId=6c124021187, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEKh7liafwbwia2vZa0DhaL13r4YKfibqM0FcdBd6qREU6L8xBEp7xhM7v4tpxo2WAKcU9UrZ77Hty92w/132, createdBy=f74d1656919, createdName=来去匆匆, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 09:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40138, encodeId=fd714013828, content=加油, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4b531630898, createdName=pine007, createdTime=Wed Oct 21 21:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40092, encodeId=15ba400929f, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=197, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Wed Oct 21 20:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-22 来去匆匆

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1709758, encodeId=c00e1e09758b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3c0e90045ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#行为障碍#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90045, encryptionId=3c0e90045ac, topicName=行为障碍)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=895a31785550, createdName=12498cb5m23暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Sep 04 07:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684039, encodeId=4d2d168403963, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fee2770d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#眼球#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72770, encryptionId=a9fee2770d0, topicName=眼球)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a38928025675, createdName=刘阔, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 15:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40211, encodeId=6c124021187, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEKh7liafwbwia2vZa0DhaL13r4YKfibqM0FcdBd6qREU6L8xBEp7xhM7v4tpxo2WAKcU9UrZ77Hty92w/132, createdBy=f74d1656919, createdName=来去匆匆, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 09:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40138, encodeId=fd714013828, content=加油, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4b531630898, createdName=pine007, createdTime=Wed Oct 21 21:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40092, encodeId=15ba400929f, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=197, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Wed Oct 21 20:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-21 pine007

    加油

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    2015-10-21 Guoxj3234

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