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多图解析:阴道分泌物(白带)常规检查,8大要点解读

2023-03-14 检验之声 检验之声 发表于安徽省

白带即阴道分泌物,指由女性生殖道不同部位的不同物质成分所组成的混合物,由液体和细胞组成。

白带即阴道分泌物,指由女性生殖道不同部位的不同物质成分所组成的混合物,由液体和细胞组成。主要液体成分是阴道分泌的液体,加上部分子宫内膜、卵巢等分泌的液体;主要的细胞成分有阴道鳞状上皮细胞、少量宫颈柱状上皮细胞及阴道内寄生的各种细菌。

白带多沉积于后穹窿,呈酸性,阴道内PH保持在4~4.5之间。若乳酸杆菌及脱落的鳞状上皮细胞较多,白细胞或脓细胞较少,球菌更少,PH值上升至7.0左右,则阴道抵抗力降低,易受细菌感染,发生阴道炎。白带常规检查对确定阴道清洁度、发现病原体以及诊断治疗均有意义。

外观

正常阴道分泌物为白色稀糊状,一般无气味,量多少不等与雌激素水平高低及生殖器官充血情况有关,于近排卵期白带量多,清澈透明、稀薄似鸡蛋清,排卵期2-3天后白带混浊粘稠、量少、行经前量又增加。妊娠期白带量较多。

白带外观异常

1大量无包透明粘白带

常见于应用雌激素药物后及卵巢颗粒细胞瘤时。

2脓性白带

黄色或铜绿色有臭味,多为滴虫或化脓性细菌性感染引起的;泡沫状脓性白带,常见于滴虫性阴道炎;其它脓性白带见于慢性宫颈炎、老年性阴道炎、子宫内膜炎、宫腔积脓、阴道异物等。

3豆腐渣样白带

为念珠菌阴道炎所特有,常伴有外阴瘙痒。

4血性白带

应警惕恶性肿瘤的可能,如宫颈癌、宫体癌等,有时某些宫颈息肉、子宫粘膜下肌瘤、老年性阴道炎、重度慢性宫颈炎和宫内节育器引起的副反应也可在白带中见到血液。

5黄色水样白带

常发生于子宫粘膜下肌瘤,宫颈癌、子宫体癌、输卵管癌等。

PH

青春时期后因为卵巢性激素的刺激,使粘膜上皮细胞内富含动物淀粉,经阴道杆菌分解后变为乳酸,使阴道内分泌物质呈弱酸性,可预防病原菌在阴道内繁殖,阴道正常ph值为4.5,患有滴虫性或细菌性阴道炎时白带的ph值升高,可大于5-6。

清洁度

正常情况下阴道内有需氧菌与厌氧菌形成正常阴道菌群,其中阴道乳酸杆菌占优势。阴道与这些菌群形成一种平衡状态。阴道分泌物检验显示以杆菌为主,另外可有少量上皮细胞及白细胞。

当外来病原生物感染,机体免疫力低下,内分泌水平变化或其他某种因素破坏这种平衡就会引起感染,出现大量上皮细胞、白细胞,使阴道清洁度下降。所以清洁度主要以白细胞、上皮细胞、阴道杆菌与杂菌的多少来划分。

1Ⅰ~Ⅱ度属正常

Ⅲ~Ⅳ度为异常白带,表示阴道炎症,主要见于各种阴道炎。如细菌性、霉菌性、滴虫性阴道炎,并同时可发现有关病原体;单纯清洁度改变常见于非特异性阴道炎,包括化脓性感染性阴道炎、嗜血杆菌性阴道炎、老年性或婴幼儿的阴道炎。

2阴道清洁度差

还可见于:输卵管或子宫腔炎症、异物、赘生物、宫颈内管及宫颈的炎症或赘生物,阴道本身的创伤(如流产、产后因产道创伤所致)。此外,正常女性在排卵前期清洁度好,在行经期和绝经期,清洁度差。

阴道清洁度镜检

阴道清洁度是利用显微镜对阴道分泌物湿片和染色涂片检查,观察其清洁度和有无特殊细菌及细胞等,确认阴道清洁度,判断阴道有无炎症,还可以进一步诊断炎症的原因。

阴道清洁Ⅰ度:镜下以阴道杆菌为主,并可见大量上皮细胞。

阴道清洁Ⅱ度:有部分阴道杆菌及上皮细胞,部分白细胞和杂菌。

阴道清洁Ⅲ度:少量阴道杆菌和上皮细胞,大量白细胞和其他杂菌。提示炎症,如阴道炎宫颈炎。

阴道清洁Ⅳ度:镜下无阴道杆菌,几乎全是白细胞和大量杂菌。多见于严重阴道炎,如淋球菌阴道炎、滴虫性阴道炎等。

白细胞

在悬滴液中,正常白带高倍视野仅能看到一、二个白细胞,如存在大量白细胞应考虑滴虫病或宫颈炎;念珠菌病及细菌性阴道病白带的悬滴液涂片中白细胞少。

霉菌检查

阴道霉菌多为白色念珠菌,诊断以找到霉菌为依据。白色念珠菌平时可寄生在阴道内,当阴道内糖原增多,酸度上升时,可迅速繁殖。其形态,在生长受抑制环境中,以短杆状存在,而在有利于繁殖的环境中,则变成有丝的霉菌;在这两种形态之间,还有其他形态,故作显微镜检查时,应慎重。

阴道霉菌(白色念珠菌):镜检可以看到较多芽孢和细长的菌丝。

阴道白色念珠菌感染常见于:糖尿病患者、孕妇、大量使用广谱抗生素或肾上腺皮质激素造成阴道菌群紊乱者。此外,维生素B缺乏,免疫机制减弱或使用免疫抑制剂者也可发生阴道白色念珠菌感染。

阴滴道毛虫

生理情况下,阴道pH为4~4.5,不适宜阴道毛滴虫生存(其最适pH为5.5~6.0),故不引起女性生殖道滴虫性阴道炎。

病理情况下,滴虫可寄生于阴道后穹隆,常引起滴虫性阴道炎,可合并邻近器官的感染,如尿道和尿道旁腺感染。滴虫能利用上皮细胞内糖原作为能源进行直接分裂,主要传播途径是通过衣物和性交。在男性,滴虫可寄生于包皮下、前后尿道、前列腺(最多见,占90%)、精囊内,可长时间持续存在,具感染性,经直接或间接方法传播。阴道毛滴虫感染的发病率,在男性可达2%~15%,女性则达10%~25%。男性常为携带者。滴虫也引起泌尿道症状和不孕症。

其他

线索细胞:镜检见到阴道上皮细胞边缘呈颗粒状或点状杆菌聚集即为线索细胞,它是细菌性阴道病的最敏感最特异的体征,临床医生根据胺试验阳性及有线索细胞即可做出细菌性阴道病的诊断。

阴道纤毛菌:镜检可见具尖端的许多细胞。二个或更多的细胞排列在长度可变的无隔菌丝体中,长达200微米的丝状体彼此环绕着。

阴道G-双球菌:镜检可见在一个平面上分裂成双排列的菌体。

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    2023-03-15 ms300 来自吉林省

    坚持打卡

    0

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    2023-03-15 丸子医 来自云南省

    学习了知识盲区

    0

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    2023-03-15 ms9000000876588358 来自北京

    显微镜图好评

    0

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    2023-03-15 筱皮医 来自江苏省

    镜下白念

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119685, encodeId=84bd211968537, content=坚持打卡, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e2716443372, createdName=ms300, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 21:07:32 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119627, encodeId=6da9211962e5c, content=学习了知识盲区, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20230215/dde0570ab2204a738610b5321660f897/58757500744a43279a04351d6280c9d8.jpg, createdBy=34b48540964, createdName=丸子医, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 19:29:29 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=云南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119493, encodeId=663f211949317, content=显微镜图好评, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=789e6399598, createdName=ms9000000876588358, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 09:59:04 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=北京), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119470, encodeId=a20e21194e058, content=镜下白念, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fa9c3160180, createdName=筱皮医, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 08:15:06 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=江苏省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119462, encodeId=6aba211946281, content=霉菌性阴道炎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3e78588036, createdName=ms1000001051375283, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 07:52:37 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=四川省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119408, encodeId=9d5d21194081e, content=、上学7习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnHtEgiaNiaUeanPblicnQPORicamAtCLvWmTKDxxWwF3J99R5MdjnGACh16icoScCeRrNQOibvvPqiaDrA/132, createdBy=83465314460, createdName=八骏奔腾, createdTime=Tue Mar 14 21:20:52 CST 2023, time=2023-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省)]
    2023-03-15 ms1000001051375283 来自四川省

    霉菌性阴道炎

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119685, encodeId=84bd211968537, content=坚持打卡, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e2716443372, createdName=ms300, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 21:07:32 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119627, encodeId=6da9211962e5c, content=学习了知识盲区, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20230215/dde0570ab2204a738610b5321660f897/58757500744a43279a04351d6280c9d8.jpg, createdBy=34b48540964, createdName=丸子医, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 19:29:29 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=云南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119493, encodeId=663f211949317, content=显微镜图好评, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=789e6399598, createdName=ms9000000876588358, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 09:59:04 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=北京), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119470, encodeId=a20e21194e058, content=镜下白念, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fa9c3160180, createdName=筱皮医, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 08:15:06 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=江苏省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119462, encodeId=6aba211946281, content=霉菌性阴道炎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3e78588036, createdName=ms1000001051375283, createdTime=Wed Mar 15 07:52:37 CST 2023, time=2023-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=四川省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2119408, encodeId=9d5d21194081e, content=、上学7习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnHtEgiaNiaUeanPblicnQPORicamAtCLvWmTKDxxWwF3J99R5MdjnGACh16icoScCeRrNQOibvvPqiaDrA/132, createdBy=83465314460, createdName=八骏奔腾, createdTime=Tue Mar 14 21:20:52 CST 2023, time=2023-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省)]
    2023-03-14 八骏奔腾 来自山东省

    、上学7习

    0

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