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专家解读Cell丨实现大规模、高效、精准的基因编辑突变

2018-09-29 常兴 BioArt

自从发现DNA是遗传的物质基础以来, 分析基因型 (DNA序列的差异)和表型(细胞、模式生物乃至人类的个体间差异)的关系, 一直是遗传学乃至生物学研究的核心科学问题。如果可以通过高通量的方法分析这一问题,将极大地促进我们对基因功能、表达调控和及其与疾病之间的关系。利用shRNA、siRNA 以及近几年来迅速发展的CRISPR, 高通量的敲低/敲除基因的表达, 已经被广泛应用于高通量的研究基因功能。

自从发现DNA是遗传的物质基础以来, 分析基因型 (DNA序列的差异)和表型(细胞、模式生物乃至人类的个体间差异)的关系, 一直是遗传学乃至生物学研究的核心科学问题。如果可以通过高通量的方法分析这一问题,将极大地促进我们对基因功能、表达调控和及其与疾病之间的关系。利用shRNA、siRNA 以及近几年来迅速发展的CRISPR, 高通量的敲低/敲除基因的表达, 已经被广泛应用于高通量的研究基因功能。 但是, 和复杂性状、人类疾病以及生物进化最相关的遗传突变, 包括点突变 (SNP)、错义突变、以及非编码区突变等,往往不造成完全的功能缺失,并且很难预测其对表型的影响。但是,这些突变一直无法高效高通量的通过实验产生,大多数研究只能利用反向遗传学的方法,单个诱导突变,分析其表型。

现有的CRISPR方法,极大的方便了针对DNA的遗传操作。但因为受限于同源重组 (HDR) 的低效性,无法高效大规模产生精确的突变,用于遗传学研究。解决这一难题,主要有两种思路,其一,通过饱和突变的方法,随机产生突变,但这一方法只能局限于一小段DNA;其二,改进现有的HDR方法,提高其效率。

近日,来自斯坦福大学的Hunter Fraser课题组在Cell上发表了题为Functional Genetic Variants Revealed by Massively Parallel Precise Genome Editing的论文,就是通过上述第二种思路,在酵母细胞中针对两种酵母品系中存在的遗传差异,进行高通量分析对酵母适应性(存活和增殖)的影响。

首先,为了提高HDR的效率,作者开发了“CRISPEY” (cas9-retron precise parallel editing with homology)技术。过去的研究发现,HDR效率最高的模板是单链DNA, 并且如果单链DNA处于Cas9诱导的DNA断裂附近,可以提高HDR的效率。作者很巧妙的利用了细菌中存在的Retron系统(反转录酶操纵子,可以产生多拷贝单链DNA,然后与模板RNA共价连接),通过细胞内逆转录方式直接在细胞核内产生单链DNA, 并且和sgRNA共价连接。在酵母细胞中,与Cas9蛋白以及逆转录酶共表达后, sgRNA和HDR的修复模板 (逆转录后的单链DNA)可以同时被Cas9招募到DNA切割的位点,作者发现,这一方法可以诱导>80%以上的精确编辑,更重要的是,Cas9切割造成的Indel很少,提示这一系统中,HDR是主要的DNA双链断裂修复模式。进一步实验表明这一系统可以精确的插入~700bp的DNA序列。

而后,通过这一体系,作者系统分析了在两种酵母品系中有差异的SNP和small indels, 并且比较了诱导的突变对酵母细胞适应性的影响。在针对 16000个突变进行筛选后,发现很多影响酵母适应性的突变处于非编码区,尤其是promoter区域接近转录因子结合位点的地方。而在编码区的错义突变对酵母的影响反而影响较小。作者猜测主要原因在自然选择后,不同酵母品系中毒性大的错义突变数量较低。

如上所述,这篇文章开发了高效诱导HDR的方法,并且证明可以高通量的在酵母中进行遗传分析。因为Retron过去发现在哺乳动物细胞内也有效,作者猜测类似系统也可以在其他物种中成功,但因为DNA损伤修复以及HDR机制的差异,这一策略在哺乳动物细胞中的应用可能还需要进一步探索。

注:本文解读专家常兴博士现为中国科学院上海营养与健康研究院研究员,青年***。常兴课题组主要开发了系列基因编辑工具用于探索调控免疫细胞分化的分子机制, 为疾病治疗提供新靶点和新策略。

原始出处:
Sharon E, Chen SA, Khosla NM,et al.Functional Genetic Variants Revealed by Massively Parallel Precise Genome Editing.Cell. 2018 Sep 18. pii: S0092-8674(18)31118-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.057. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2019-05-04 维他命
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    2018-11-18 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-11-29 ylz8403
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    2018-09-29 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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