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Science:多发性硬化症和动脉硬化可能是一回事:都是胆固醇结晶惹得祸

2018-01-08 佚名 生物通

影响髓鞘再生的真正原因是髓鞘被摧毁后剩余的结晶胆固醇!


影响髓鞘再生的真正原因是髓鞘被摧毁后剩余的结晶胆固醇

多发性硬化症(Multiple Sclerosis,MS)是一种中枢神经系统慢性炎症性疾病,自身免疫细胞攻击神经纤维周围的髓磷脂绝缘物。

髓鞘(myelin)再生是MS患者恢复的必要前提。然而,身体再生髓磷脂的能力只能随年龄增长日渐低下。

德国慕尼黑工业大学(Technical University of Munich,TUM)Mikael Simons教授领导的研究团队1月4日在《Science》发表文章,解释造成髓磷脂再生能力低下的原因是:来自髓鞘的脂肪无法被吞噬细胞及时带走,从而引发慢性炎症,反过来阻碍了髓鞘再生。

同时,Simons课题组还在《Science Translational Medicine》发文,描述了一种新细胞类型,该细胞似乎只在创建髓鞘时才会形成。

髓鞘是一层富含脂质的膜,用途是保障神经纤维电信号有效地快速传导,对中枢神经系统行使功能起决定性作用。MS患者的中枢神经系统髓鞘受多病灶自身免疫性攻击,导致正常神经功能受损,如运动功能丧失。虽然部分髓鞘仍能再生,但不够控制MS病情发展。

Simons团队发现影响髓鞘再生的真正原因是髓鞘被摧毁后剩余的结晶胆固醇“髓鞘中富含胆固醇,”Simons教授解释道。“当髓鞘被破坏后,它所释放的胆固醇必须立即被清除组织。执行清扫工作的是小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞,它们也被称为吞噬细胞。吞噬细胞吸收和消化破损髓鞘,然后将不可消化的物质,比如胆固醇,用运输分子输送到细胞外。如果细胞内胆固醇积累过多来不及运出,就会聚集成针状晶体,对细胞造成损害。”

使用小鼠模型,Simons团队发现了结晶胆固醇的破坏性影响:它先激活吞噬细胞的炎症小体(inflammasome),导致炎症介质释放,最终吸引更多免疫细胞。“动脉硬化的情况与多发性硬化症非常类似,只不过前者发生在血管,后者发生在脑组织,”Simons说。

小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞的工作方式也与年龄有关,年长动物胆固醇清除效率较低,但慢性炎症较强。“使用促进胆固醇转运出细胞的药物,动物体内炎症减少,髓鞘得以再生,”Simons说。

接下来,他和他的团队希望调查这种机制是否也适用于MS患者髓鞘再生。

促进修复的另一个重要先决条件是更好地理解髓鞘形成。在《Science Translational Medicine》这篇文章,Simons教授和哥廷根大学神经病理学教授Christine Stadelmann合作,发现一种新型少突胶质细胞专门负责中枢神经系统髓鞘形成。

“我们相信,这种BCAS1阳性少突胶质细胞是髓鞘形成细胞的一个重要中间阶段,在人体中,鉴定出这种细胞的时间尽管短暂,但它的出现于髓鞘形成时间极度吻合,”Simons说。例如,研究人员在髓鞘高速形成的新生儿大脑能检出BCAS1阳性少突胶质细胞。在成人大脑中,这种细胞就消失不见了,而当髓鞘发生损坏需要重新形成时,这种细胞就又出现了。

“我们希望,BCAS1阳性细胞能辅助鉴定再生药物是否有效,”Simons说。“例如快速筛选能促进这些细胞形成的药物。”此外,他补充道,还可以透过这类细胞充分了解人类一生中髓鞘形成的时间和方式。

原始出处:

1.Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri,et al.Defective cholesterol clearance limits remyelination in the aged central nervous system, Science (2018). DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4183

2.Maryam K. Fard,et al.BCAS1 expression defines a population of early myelinating oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions, Science Translational Medicine (2017). DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7816

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    2018-04-24 jml2009
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    2018-06-28 30397604
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    2018-01-10 jichang
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    2018-01-09 方舒

    学习

    0

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    2018-01-09 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-01-08 清风拂面

    很好的文章.谢谢

    0

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    2018-01-08 有备才能无患

    影响髓鞘再生的真正原因是髓鞘被摧毁后剩余的结晶胆固醇!

    0

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荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学医学中心神经病学系的Coric D近日在Eur J Neurol发表了他们团队近期的一项工作,他们发现双眼之间的百分比差异(IEPD)可以帮助诊断多发性硬化症相关的视神经炎。

“孤儿病”患者:药物面临断档,漏诊误诊率高

晓红17岁那年看不清黑板,以为是近视,结果到眼镜店把镜片试了个遍,就是没有能看清的镜片。老师把座位调到第一排,但依然看不清,没想到过了几天,眼睛又神奇地能看清了。高考结束后,疯玩了整个假期,有一次夜宿在好友的家中,第二天醒来的时候,发现眼前一片黑暗,而且双腿也不听使唤了……这一切就像晴天霹雳,在这个17岁的少女头顶突然炸裂。几经周折,最终确诊为“多发性硬化症”,一种免疫系统的罕见病又称“孤儿病

Nat Chem Biol:你知道多发性硬化症吗?牛磺酸可修复这种罕见病的受损细胞

多发性硬化症(MS)是一种自身免疫性疾病,目前尚无治愈方法,但可以通过一些药物治疗来促进髓鞘再生以减少MS的复发。最近一项发表在《Nature Chemical Biology》杂志上的研究发现,人类细胞的代谢物——牛磺酸,可以提高MS治疗的有效性。

PNAS:两篇PNAS共同揭示:肠道微生物与多发性硬化症有关!

肠道微生物的热门程度毋庸置疑,数以万亿计的细菌生活在肠道中,它们被称为一个“隐形器官”,与多种疾病有关。9月11日,《PNAS》期刊同时发表两篇文章,揭示了又一种与肠道细菌有关联的疾病——多发性硬化症(MS)!

MULT SCLER:克拉屈滨可以改善复发性多发性硬化症患者生活质量

克拉屈滨是一种脱氧腺苷类似物。在一个名为“克拉屈滨口服治疗多发性硬化(CLARITY)”的III期临床试验中,克拉屈滨能够显著抑制病变的积累,复发,以及3个月持续残疾进展。由于克拉屈滨可能增加癌症的风险,以及临床数据不足,监管机构在2011年拒绝批准口服克拉屈滨。但是现在,欧洲药品管理局对于口服克拉屈滨在2017年第三季度得到许可证持积极态度。

简单的血液检查可以预测多发性硬化症(MS)中的MRI疾病活动

一项监测多发性硬化症(MS)患者血液中神经蛋白的血液测试可能有助于预测疾病活动是否正在加剧。被称为神经丝轻链的神经蛋白是神经细胞的组分,当神经细胞死亡时可以在血流和脊髓液中检测到。挪威卑尔根卑尔根大学的研究作者Kristin N. Varhaug博士说:"由于MS在人与人之间差别很大,疾病的进展方式以及人们对治疗的反应如此不可预测,所以鉴定这样的生物标志物可以帮助我们做出预测,这将是非常有帮助的。

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