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北京协和医院建立21羟化酶缺陷症诊治规范

2013-07-25 记者 卢琳 董琳 医学论坛网

  在巴黎卢浮宫内有一尊特殊的雕像,从外表看是一位面容姣美、身材窈窕的女子,但仔细观察却发现她竟拥有类似于男性的外生殖器官。这或许是雕塑家的一种独特的艺术想象和创作,但是这种疾病在现实生活中确实存在。这是一类罕见的性发育异常疾病,其中最常见的一种被称为“21羟化酶缺陷症(21OHD)”。北京协和医院内分泌科作为全国内分泌疑难疾病诊治中心,自上世纪60年代在国内率先开展21OHD的诊治,至今

  在巴黎卢浮宫内有一尊特殊的雕像,从外表看是一位面容姣美、身材窈窕的女子,但仔细观察却发现她竟拥有类似于男性的外生殖器官。这或许是雕塑家的一种独特的艺术想象和创作,但是这种疾病在现实生活中确实存在。这是一类罕见的性发育异常疾病,其中最常见的一种被称为“21羟化酶缺陷症(21OHD)”。北京协和医院内分泌科作为全国内分泌疑难疾病诊治中心,自上世纪60年代在国内率先开展21OHD的诊治,至今已建立了成熟的具有协和特色的诊治规范。2011年,内分泌科卢琳、聂敏、陆召麟等和妇产科郁琦、田秦杰等联合申报的《477例21羟化酶缺陷症的临床诊治及基因特点——近10年病例回顾》荣获北京协和医院医疗成果奖三等奖。

  21OHD是先天性肾上腺皮质增生症最常见的类型,其发病原因是由于肾上腺皮质激素合成酶中的21羟化酶的功能障碍,导致肾上腺皮质激素合成减少,前体产物堆积,使患者体内产生过多的雄激素,最终导致患者出现性分化异常及电解质紊乱。在临床上,女性患者表现为肌肉发达、长胡须等男性性征,同时伴有乳房不发育、原发闭经等青春发育异常表现;男性患者表现为幼年身高增长快,骨龄提前,但最终身材矮小,男孩甚至在5-6岁即可能出现性早熟。

  由于21OHD非常罕见,在新生儿中的发病率约为1/10,000-20,000,往往因为不能及时诊断而错过最佳治疗时机,影响患儿的最终身高、青春发育以及生育能力,重者还会危及生命。

  据陆召麟教授介绍,北京协和医院率先在国内建立了血17α羟孕酮的检测方法来确诊21OHD,对于不典型的病例,则率先在国内采用ACTH兴奋试验和中剂量地塞米松试验来进行鉴别。由于21OHD是一种单基因遗传性疾病,除了常规的激素检测外,基因诊断也尤为重要。自2000年始,北京协和医院内分泌科肾上腺学组开始启动21OHD的基因检测工作,通过聂敏副研究员及张波、陶红等的不懈努力,目前已完成近400例患者的基因检测,这一成果在不仅在国内在国际上也处于领先地位。

  在21OHD的治疗中,北京协和医院提出了“关注一生”的特色诊治规范,对患者进行终生专科随诊,针对患者一生中的不同阶段制定了不同的治疗目标。在婴幼儿时期,通过补充氢化可的松和盐皮质激素,避免肾上腺危象,平抑过快的生长速度;在青春期,通过生长激素治疗,使患者的最终身高接近目标身高;在成年期,通过药物治疗,改善患者生育率,保障孕期平顺。我院整合内分泌科、妇产科、儿科和泌尿外科等多学科的力量,对患者进行糖皮质激素、生长激素、手术外阴整形等的综合治疗,最大程度地改善了患者的生活质量,避免发生肾上腺危象,使女性患者能够有乳房发育和规律的月经,生育能力得到提高,治疗效果良好的患者能够顺利妊娠并分娩。

  目前北京协和医院对这一疾病进行了深入研究并取得了良好治疗效果,内分泌科已成为国内最权威的21OHD诊治中心之一。



    

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