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复旦大学附属肿瘤医院严望军:肿瘤骨转移不等于失去手术机会

2018-01-18 刘雁冰 复旦大附属肿瘤医院

多年来,“肿瘤发生转移=失去手术机会”的观念在病友及家属的脑海里早已根深蒂固。似乎,肿瘤发生远处转移就是“世界末日”。事实上,这种认识正随着医疗技术的飞速发展渐渐被改变和扭转。有些转移性肿瘤依托先进医疗技术,仍可以接受手术治疗,达到根治性效果。约3/4患者死亡时存在骨转移在肿瘤远处转移中,肿瘤细胞最喜欢“跑”去的地方就是“骨头”,也就是我们临床上所说的肿瘤骨转移。骨转移是肿瘤最常见的远处转移部

多年来,“肿瘤发生转移=失去手术机会”的观念在病友及家属的脑海里早已根深蒂固。似乎,肿瘤发生远处转移就是“世界末日”。事实上,这种认识正随着医疗技术的飞速发展渐渐被改变和扭转。有些转移性肿瘤依托先进医疗技术,仍可以接受手术治疗,达到根治性效果。

约3/4患者死亡时存在骨转移

在肿瘤远处转移中,肿瘤细胞最喜欢“跑”去的地方就是“骨头”,也就是我们临床上所说的肿瘤骨转移。骨转移是肿瘤最常见的远处转移部位之一。骨转移几乎可发生在所有的癌症患者中,特别常见于乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、肾癌和甲状腺癌。现在肝癌、大肠癌等消化道肿瘤出现骨转移的情况也日益增多。研究显示约3/4的癌症患者死亡时存在骨转移。

因此骨转移瘤是常见多发的骨科疾病。有时骨转移先于原发肿瘤被发现,此外并非所有骨转移肿瘤患者都能找到原发肿瘤。

疼痛是骨转移瘤最常见临床症状

临床上,骨转移肿瘤以疼痛、局部肿块、活动受限及畸形、病理性骨折为主要临床表现,其中疼痛为最常见的临床症状,常表现为持续性,夜间及休息后均无明显缓解。对于脊柱转移癌,还可出现神经功能障碍表现。

是不是真的发生肿瘤骨转移?疼痛并不是评价诊断“金标准”。

如今,骨转移瘤的诊断需要遵循临床、影像和病理三结合的原则。不仅需要对骨肿瘤进行准确的定性诊断,而且还需要明确定位诊断,尤其是脊柱肿瘤,包括受累的具体部位、节段,肿瘤侵犯的范围,脊髓、神经根、椎动脉是否受累,以及椎旁软组织的受侵范围等。

骨转移瘤检查诊断需“打组合拳”

骨转移瘤的影像学检查主要包括X线检查、CT检查、MRI检查及全身骨扫描,临床上,将PET/CT和CT检查二者进行组合检查,能够较早发现转移病灶的优势。

骨肿瘤组织病理学检查是诊断和治疗中的“金标准”。术前进行病理检查,有助于明确病变的类型,尤其对于难于判别性质的骨肿瘤,可考虑进行术前活检以明确病变的性质。对于制定治疗方案和判断患者预后均有重要的指导意义。活检主要有切开活检或穿刺活检,临床上还是首选由经验丰富的医师在CT引导下完成穿刺活检。

骨转移瘤并非晚期绝症无法治疗

既往临床对骨转移瘤往往采取消极、姑息对症治疗的方法。患者常常因情绪低沉、剧烈疼痛、长期慢性消耗而在极度痛苦中走完余生。

随着现代骨科及肿瘤学的发展,对骨转移瘤的诊断与治疗的认识有了明显的更新,视骨转移瘤为晚期绝症、无法治疗、只能消极等待死亡的悲观观点已经成为过去。

骨转移瘤的治疗原则为缓解和控制骨痛,预防并发症,改善预后,最大限度地提高患者的生活质量。治疗方法包括手术治疗及非手术治疗,强调综合治疗。

综合治疗主要包括三个方面:

1、针对原发病的治疗,如内分泌、靶向或化疗等;

2、双磷酸盐等促进骨质修复、延缓或改善骨破坏的药物;

3、针对骨转移局部病灶的治疗,如外用支具、放疗、手术或射频消融等。随着现代外科理念与技术的进步,以及新材料和新技术的应用,使得减轻骨转移瘤患者疼痛、恢复功能、提高生活质量、延长生命成为可能。

手术可改善骨转移患者的预后

复旦大学附属肿瘤医院骨及软组织外科副主任陈勇:当骨转移瘤确诊后,首先要对患者进行全面评价,包括原发灶来源、骨转移的部位及其症状,患者的一般状况,既往接受过的治疗及其疗效等。评价骨转移病灶的情况通常由骨肿瘤科医生进行,重点在于明确是否存在病理性骨折、应力性疼痛、脊柱不稳定、神经根压迫以及高钙血症等骨相关事件,如四肢长骨转移瘤按照Mirels评分评价,脊柱转移瘤根据Tomita和改良Tokuhashi评分等评价,并结合既往治疗的情况给出进一步的诊治建议,对部分具有手术指征的患者采取外科手术干预。对于骨转移瘤,不同部位其手术指征亦有所不同。

脊柱转移瘤的手术指征包括:

①患者预期生存时间超过3个月

②肿瘤或病理性骨折压迫神经或引起脊柱不稳

③肿瘤对放疗不敏感

④既往接受过放疗的脊柱转移癌出现严重的脊髓受压

⑤诊断不明确需要病理学确诊

对于整块切除术,其手术指征在满足上述要求同时还应包括:

①孤立性转移病灶

②预期患者生存时间超过6个月

上肢骨转移瘤手术指征:

①患者预期生存时间超过3个月

②病理性骨折

③肿瘤累及关节

下肢骨转移瘤手术指征:

①患者预期生存时间超过3个月

②正侧位片上显示骨皮质破坏超过50%

③发生于高应力部位的溶骨性破坏,如股骨颈、股骨粗隆下及股骨干

④股骨颈破坏超过25%-50%

⑤干骺端破坏超过50%-75%

骨盆转移瘤手术指征:

①患者预期生存时间超过3个月

②髋臼周围区域的病理性骨折

③放疗后关节内破坏、关节不稳或骨折,导致疼痛不缓解

④髋臼周围骨质破坏,无症状但发生病理性骨折的危险性高者

复旦大学附属肿瘤医院骨与软组织外科主任严望军:手术能够直接切除骨转移部位的肿瘤,可起到预防或治疗病理性骨折、消除骨痛、减轻肿瘤对脊髓或神经的压迫、提高患者生存质量的作用。预防性内固定较发生病理骨折后进行内固定可使患者更快康复,且手术并发症更低。已发生病理骨折者只要预期生存期长于3个月的患者,我们仍可考虑手术治疗。

骨转移瘤手术目的是及时缓解疼痛,重建骨关节的稳定。但脊柱和骨盆的骨转移瘤的指征更应严格掌握,当患者出现进行性脊髓或神经根压迫,或进行性脊柱或骨盆不稳定,所导致的疼痛或相关症状经非手术治疗无效时应考虑手术治疗以获得症状和预后的改善。

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    2018-01-20 saikp
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    2018-01-19 zibozhouping

    这个题目好.给患者希望.更希望医者好好评估.多开MDT

    0

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    2018-01-19 忠诚向上

    好好学习天天向上

    0

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    2018-01-19 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-01-18 1e160a78m83(暂无匿称)

    转移后手术意义有多大

    0

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    2018-01-18 有备才能无患

    在肿瘤远处转移中.肿瘤细胞最喜欢[跑"去的地方就是[骨头".也就是我们临床上所说的肿瘤骨转移.

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1723385, encodeId=eb071e2338569, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=98448285477' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤医院#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82854, encryptionId=98448285477, topicName=肿瘤医院)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bb3833453694, createdName=yulin2017, createdTime=Mon Apr 02 19:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1538526, encodeId=7bf3153852698, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=751e42660f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#复旦#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42660, encryptionId=751e42660f1, topicName=复旦)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e6c312994908, createdName=saikp, createdTime=Sat Jan 20 12:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=279973, encodeId=5eb22e99730c, content=这个题目好.给患者希望.更希望医者好好评估.多开MDT, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160601/IMG574E13FEE55F33222.jpg, createdBy=929c1478678, createdName=zibozhouping, createdTime=Fri Jan 19 08:27:57 CST 2018, time=2018-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=279934, encodeId=56922e99349c, content=好好学习天天向上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Fri Jan 19 07:10:50 CST 2018, time=2018-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=279878, encodeId=9e532e987826, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Fri Jan 19 03:33:50 CST 2018, time=2018-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=279841, encodeId=97932e98412f, content=转移后手术意义有多大, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/12/31/60fc0213ae09a3dbbba19993663ef4db.jpg, createdBy=33c31971480, createdName=1e160a78m83(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jan 18 23:09:11 CST 2018, time=2018-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=279828, encodeId=5e412e9828f8, content=在肿瘤远处转移中.肿瘤细胞最喜欢[跑"去的地方就是[骨头".也就是我们临床上所说的肿瘤骨转移., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Thu Jan 18 22:44:15 CST 2018, time=2018-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=279824, encodeId=34f82e9824d5, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJpBl6xwMmnsKibwxcAIltOH3nnCEQbNE6TDbYtCKe8hYI0oJrbduNqnJraM1PyyjPKU1suAzicYPaA/132, createdBy=eeaf2031798, createdName=海之蓝, createdTime=Thu Jan 18 22:15:53 CST 2018, time=2018-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=279813, encodeId=c4e72e98131b, content=谢谢分享学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM7GibvIBibibnnnvpajk2stlDF5oichYahI6Bia8uxeTBFoPbdoHWebyXf9eal9FNgUF2lNcrwoZicM3BvQ/0, createdBy=a3742066385, createdName=戒馋,懒,贪, createdTime=Thu Jan 18 21:23:49 CST 2018, time=2018-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-18 海之蓝

    学习

    0

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    2018-01-18 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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软组织肿瘤1例

(1)病例介绍:患者,女,14岁,2006年7月无诱因发现右上臂三角肌区域一枣大小软组织肿物,轻压痛,当地医院行单纯切除,未行病理检查。两个月后发现肿瘤复发,当地医院行穿刺活检未得到明确结果的情况下,再次行肿物切除,病理结果为“横纹肌肉瘤”。术后一个月再次发现肿块遂于2006年12月来我院治疗。

NEJM:免疫治疗不良事件十问十答

免疫疗法为晚期肿瘤治疗带来了革命性的创新,但随之而来的与免疫治疗相关的不良事件也引起了广泛关注。近日,《新英格兰医学杂志》就免疫治疗相关不良事件发表了综述。该综述主要针对免疫治疗的不良事件,提出了十个热点问题,并作相应的探讨。

Nat Med:泛素活化酶的小分子抑制剂可以用于癌症治疗

泛素 - 蛋白酶体系统(UPS)包含了负责维持细胞内蛋白质体内平衡的酶网络。该途径的治疗潜力已经通过多个UPS调节剂的临床成功得到证实,包括蛋白酶体抑制剂和免疫调节性酰亚胺药物(IMiD)等。

打开心扉 肿瘤患者能够获益更多

思维是区别于人类和动物的一个标志,大脑思维控制了人类的七情六欲。不管高兴还是痛苦,习惯说心里感到很高兴或者很痛苦。然而,这些反应也关系着疾病的发展。就拿癌症患者来说,他们最恐惧的痛苦就是由癌症扩散带来的疼痛感,身体上所有不舒服的感觉都会加剧,结果就是心理承受的疼痛比实际身体疼痛更多。心理治疗的作用不容小觑,专家认为,心理因素对癌症的发生、发展及转移可能会起着“活化剂”的作用。当一个人长期处于孤寂、

各种十二指肠良、恶性肿瘤影像图(附病例多例)

十二指肠良性及恶性肿瘤的各种影像表现(附病例),值得收藏!

Nat Microbiol:我国学者合作研究在EB病毒感染上皮细胞机制领域取得重要进展

在国家自然科学基金项目(项目编号:81520108022,81502374,81230045,81372244)等资助下,中山大学曾木圣课题组和哈佛大学Bo Zhao教授课题组合作,在EB(EpsteinBarr)病毒感染机制研究方面取得重要进展。研究成果以“Ephrin Receptor A2 is an Epithelial Cell Receptor for EpsteinBarr Viru

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