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Nature:检测黑素细胞基因组,有望预测黑色素瘤风险

2020-10-22 张佳兴 生物探索

皮肤黑色素瘤是由黑色素细胞(皮肤中产生色素的细胞)引起的皮肤癌,光照是形成黑色素瘤的主要诱变因素。对黑色素瘤肿瘤组织的测序发现,体细胞突变与之密切相关,因此早期诊断意义重大。

皮肤黑色素瘤是由黑色素细胞(皮肤中产生色素的细胞)引起的皮肤癌,光照是形成黑色素瘤的主要诱变因素。对黑色素瘤肿瘤组织的测序发现,体细胞突变与之密切相关,因此早期诊断意义重大。但目前尚不清楚这些突变是否发生在肿瘤形成过程中,以及在肿瘤转化过程中其积累速度是否加快。

由于黑色素细胞在皮肤中稀疏分布,整体细胞测序并不适用于检测黑色素细胞突变。单个细胞的基因分型的研究也较少见,而且目前还没有关于黑色素细胞分型的研究。

2020年10月7日,美国加州大学旧金山分校海伦·狄勒家庭综合癌症中心的A. Hunter Shain课题组研究人员在《Nature》在线发表题为“The genomic landscapes ofindividual melanocytes from human skin”的研究论文,阐明了人类单个黑色素细胞的基因组特征,为黑色素瘤的发病提供了新的理论依据。

研究人员从6例健康人的19个部位采集了正常的皮肤样本。皮肤活检取自无皮肤癌病史的逝者或皮肤癌供者的瘤周组织。随后,研究人员将表皮细胞组织培养约两周,并进行单细胞分类和克隆。经过一系列的实验和生物信息学方案,研究人员克服了黑色素细胞基因分型相关的障碍,最终获得133个黑色素细胞。

皮肤细胞基因型分析工作流程

与预期一致,研究结果表明阳光下暴晒的黑色素细胞有更多的突变。通常情况下,背部和四肢的皮肤只是间歇性地暴露在阳光下,累积的阳光照射量比面部、颈部和头皮的皮肤要低,但是然而与面部的黑色素细胞相比,背部和四肢的细胞有更多的突变。

人类皮肤中黑素细胞的基因组

随后,研究人员在24个不同的细胞中检测到29个致病性突变。其中,有许多能激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路的突变。包括MAPK通路负调节因子如NF1,CBL和RASA2功能缺失的突变,同时也有BRAF,NRAS和MAP2K1功能增强或改变的突变。但是,BRAFV600E突变作为黑色素瘤最常见的突变,未在该研究中检测到。

黑色素瘤不同的演化过程

总的来说,该研究克服了黑色素细胞基因分型相关的障碍,通过研究人类单个黑色素细胞的基因组,揭示了黑色素瘤的起源,有望通过检测黑色素细胞突变的数量和类型来预测或衡量紫外线损伤和黑色素瘤风险。

原始出处:

Jessica Tang, Eleanor Fewings, Darwin Chang, et al.The genomic landscapes of individual melanocytes from human skin.Nature. 2020 Oct 7. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2785-8.

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    2021-04-11 liye789132251
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    2020-10-31 sunylz
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    2020-10-28 ms5233340938792882

    对黑色素瘤,有了全新的认识

    0

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