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Bell 麻痹怎么诊疗?不用激素治疗行不行?

2022-02-10 RC 神经新前沿

Bell麻痹(特发性面神经麻痹),是因茎乳孔内面神经非特异性炎症所致的周围性面瘫。起病急,多有受寒感冒病史,临床表现为单侧周围性面瘫,常见于冬季和夏季。

Bell麻痹(特发性面神经麻痹),是因茎乳孔内面神经非特异性炎症所致的周围性面瘫。起病急,多有受寒感冒病史,临床表现为单侧周围性面瘫,常见于冬季和夏季。

【病因】

Bell麻痹病因尚未明确,可能与以下因素有关:

①病毒感染疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、流行性腮腺炎病毒、风疹病毒和艾滋病病毒等;

②冷刺激:冷空气刺激,面神经的营养微血管痉挛,引起局部组织缺血、缺氧;

免疫异常:细胞免疫介导的自身免疫机制,Bell麻痹在免疫系统低下的患者中更为常见, 如感染人类免疫缺陷病毒的患者。

诊断标准】

①病程特点:急性起病,通常3天左右达到高峰;

②症状体征:单侧周围性面瘫,伴或不伴耳后疼痛、舌前味觉减退、听觉过敏、泪液或唾液分泌异常;

③辅助检查:肌电图(非必要检查,适用于病情严重者以评估神经损伤的程度,进而判断预后)和头颅CT。④排除继发原因。

【治疗】

治疗原则为改善局部血液循环,减轻面神经水肿,缓解神经受压,促进神经功能恢复,避免角膜并发症及其他后遗症及抑制病毒复制。

一、药物治疗

1.糖皮质激素

糖皮质激素具有抗炎、抗氧化、清除自由基、稳定溶酶体膜、抑制血管源性水肿的作用。中国特发性面神经麻痹诊治指南建议,对于所有无禁忌证的16岁以上患者,急性期尽早口服使用糖皮质激素治疗,可选择泼尼松或泼尼松龙口服,30~60 mg/d, 连用5天,之后于5天内逐步减量至停用。有研究提示,合并糖尿病的Bell麻痹患者使用低剂量糖皮质激素不仅能提高治愈率,缩短治疗时间,而且能减少不良反应的发生。对于儿童患者,使用糖皮质激素能否获益尚不明确

在糖皮质激素治疗期间,为防止消化不良和胃溃疡,患者应服用H2受体拮抗剂或者质子泵抑制剂;同时应注意补钙和补钾以防止低钾血症和股骨头缺血性坏死。此外,胃溃疡或十二指肠溃疡、高血压病、肾病或肝病、青光眼、妊娠、近期头部外伤或精神疾病的患者谨慎使用。

2.抗病毒药物
 
鉴于Bell麻痹可能与病毒感染有关,临床医生加用抗病毒药物治疗。但是对临床试验的荟萃分析显示,抗病毒药物并不能改善患者的预后,可能是抗病毒药物引发Jarisch-Herxheimer反应,造成严重的炎症反应,进而加剧病情。然而,抗病毒药物与糖皮质激素联合治疗Bell麻痹的疗效显著优于单药治疗。我国指南推荐,对于急性期的患者,可以根据情况尽早联合使用抗病毒药物和糖皮质激素,特别是对于面肌无力严重或完全瘫痪者但不建议单用抗病毒药物治疗。抗病毒药物可以选择阿昔洛韦或伐西洛韦如阿昔洛韦口服每次0.2~0.4 g,每日3~5次,或伐昔洛韦口服每次0.5~1.0 g,每日2~3次;疗程7~10天。
3.神经营养药物
 
B族维生素如维生素B1和维生素B12具有神经营养作用,可促进受损面神经髓鞘的恢复。急性期通常予维生素 B1100 mg、维生素B12 500 μg和甲钴胺500μg肌内注射,1次/d,疗程2~3周。
二、眼部保护
 
当患者存在眼睑闭合不全时,应重视对患者眼部的保护,可根据情况选择滴眼液或膏剂防止眼部干燥,合理使用眼罩保护。
三、中医药治疗
 
根据急性期、后遗症期分不同证型治疗。
四、康复锻炼
 
当患侧面部表情肌可以运动后,进行表情肌自我康复锻炼,具体动作:抬眉、 闭眼、耸鼻、示齿、努嘴、鼓腮。每个动作持续5~10 min,2~3次/d。
Bell麻痹的临床治疗以药物治疗为主,糖皮质激素是早期治疗的核心,联合抗病毒药物,辅以维生素B族能促进疾病的恢复,改善预后。此外,临床医生需遵循个体化治疗原则选择合适的药物和剂量,以达到最佳治疗效果。
参考文献:
1.中华医学会神经病学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会神经肌肉病学组, 中华医学会神经病学分会肌电图与临床神经电生理学组. 中国特发性面神经麻痹诊治指南[J]. 中华神经科杂志, 2016(2):84-86.
2.阮贵基, 赵文凤, 吕光耀. 特发性面神经麻痹的中西医结合诊疗相关问题[J]. 中国临床医生杂志, 2020, 48(4):4.
3.于芳苹, 赵迎春. 特发性面神经麻痹的药物治疗进展[J]. 卒中与神经疾病, 2021, 28(1):3.

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    2023-02-05 ms9000002062693467 来自广东省

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    2023-02-22 ms8000000162568814 来自广东省

    学习了

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    2022-02-15 王博敏

    已学习

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    2022-02-13 ms8000002020716804

    学习

    0

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