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探索清晨血压控制与肾脏保护兼顾的优化降压治疗方案 :MONICA研究专家述评

2014-04-10 中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院 王文 MedSci原创

中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院 王文研究背景及方法长期以来,普遍认为急性心脑血管事件的发生无规律可循,可发生在一天中的任何时间。但越来越多的研究表明,心脑血管事件的发生同样表现出了昼夜节律性,清晨心脑血管事件猝发占全天发病的70%~80%。动态血压监测显示,血压波动最大的时间段为清晨,此时段血压从相对较低水平短时间内迅速上升到较高水平,甚至达到一天内最高水平,这种清晨血压急剧上升现象称为血压晨峰。


中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院 王文

研究背景及方法


长期以来,普遍认为急性心脑血管事件的发生无规律可循,可发生在一天中的任何时间。但越来越多的研究表明,心脑血管事件的发生同样表现出了昼夜节律性,清晨心脑血管事件猝发占全天发病的70%~80%。动态血压监测显示,血压波动最大的时间段为清晨,此时段血压从相对较低水平短时间内迅速上升到较高水平,甚至达到一天内最高水平,这种清晨血压急剧上升现象称为血压晨峰。

大量研究显示血压晨峰与卒中存在显著相关性。日本学者的一项研究对519例高血压患者行动态血压监测,平均随访41个月,研究发现与诊室血压、24h动态血压、清醒和睡眠状态等时段血压相比,清晨收缩压升高是卒中事件最强预测因素[相对危险(RR)=1.44,95%可信区间(CI)1.25~1.67,P<0.0001](Hypertens Res 2006,29:581)。

血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)和钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)的单片固定剂量复方制剂是否适用于所有类型高血压的治疗,目前还存在争议。MONICA研究对比了两组给药方案在清晨血压控制与肾脏保护作用方面的差异。研究对入组前接受缬沙坦80mg/d或氨氯地平5mg/d治疗,但血压控制不佳的35例高血压患者进行了为期16周的治疗。患者被随机分为缬沙坦-氨氯地平联合用药VA组(早上给予缬沙坦80mg/d+氨氯地平5mg/d的单片固定剂量复方制剂)及硝苯地平与缬沙坦缓释片联合用药VN组(早上给予缬沙坦80mg/d,晚上给予硝苯地平缓释片20mg/d)。如果患者在治疗8周后没有达到诊室血压控制的目标值,则CCB剂量加倍。

研究结果
治疗第8周,VN组与VA组患者的清晨血压均较基线明显下降,但VN组舒张压下降较VA组更为明显(P<0.05,图1),且VN组因诊室血压不达标需要增加CCB剂量的患者比例显著低于VA组(14%对50%,P<0.05,图2)。治疗第16周,VN组与VA组诊室血压和清晨血压水平均较基线显著下降(P<0.05)。治疗第16周,VA组患者血清肌酐浓度较基线明显升高(P<0.05),而VN组则无明显变化,且VN组患者尿微量白蛋白/肌酐(U-Alb/U-Cr)较基线显著降低(P<0.05),而VA组则无明显变化(图3)。

图1:研究期间VN组(黑线)与VA组(灰线)患者清晨舒张压及收缩压的变化。*P<0.05,与基线比较。#P<0.05,与VA组比较。


图2:治疗第8周,VN组与VA组需要增加CCB剂量的患者比例。*P<0.05,与基线比较。

图3:研究期间VN组(黑线)与VA组(灰线)两组患者肾脏功能指标

a:血清肌酐浓度, b:血清胱抑素C,c:U-Alb/U-Cr的变化。*P<0.05,与基线比较。

小结

大量研究表明,清晨血压更能反映患者日常血压的控制情况,慢性肾脏病使患者心血管疾病风险显著升高,良好的治疗方案应兼顾晨峰血压控制及肾脏保护。MONICA研究表明,硝苯地平缓释片与缬沙坦联合治疗可以更好地控制清晨血压及保护肾脏功能,是较为理想的给药方案。

尽管本研究样本量较小,研究设计方面的存在局限性,但其研究结果还是具有一定参考学习的价值。既往研究证明,ARB类药物可减少炎症标志物如C反应蛋白(CRP)和正五聚蛋白3(PTX-3)水平,且微量白蛋白尿也与低度炎症有关,但本研究中,各治疗组患者炎症标记物水平在治疗前后并没有显著性变化,与之前的研究结果存在差异,还需要进一步的研究。

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