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慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后反复急性出血2例

2019-08-21 杨勇 闵杰 王仙 广东医学

例1.患者,男,60岁,因头部外伤后9d、头痛2d于2017年3月26日入院,入院9d前不慎摔伤左侧颞部,当时无昏迷、呕吐,2d前出现头痛症状。体格检查:神清,语利,无明显神经系统功能损伤症状。头部CT检查提示左侧额颞硬膜下血肿,中线结构居中,给予甘露醇静脉滴注对症治疗。过程中患者仍间断诉头痛,4月7日CT提示硬膜下积液,脑受压,左侧脑室缩小,给予阿托伐他汀钙片20mg每晚口服1次,头痛无好转,有

例1.患者,男,60岁,因头部外伤后9d、头痛2d于2017年3月26日入院,入院9d前不慎摔伤左侧颞部,当时无昏迷、呕吐,2d前出现头痛症状。体格检查:神清,语利,无明显神经系统功能损伤症状。头部CT检查提示左侧额颞硬膜下血肿,中线结构居中,给予甘露醇静脉滴注对症治疗。过程中患者仍间断诉头痛,4月7日CT提示硬膜下积液,脑受压,左侧脑室缩小,给予阿托伐他汀钙片20mg每晚口服1次,头痛无好转,有加重趋势,精神变差,嗜睡。4月11日CT示慢性血肿,中线移位更严重。
 
与家属沟通病情后,于4月12日急诊在局麻加监护下行左顶钻孔引流术,手术顺利,术中引流约70mL压力高的褐色血肿液,返病房后患者诉头痛好转。但术后2h引流管内有鲜红色血液流出,立即复查头CT提示左侧额颞顶新发出血,当时患者神志清晰,无神经功能障碍,科室讨论后暂时予以止血及加强脱水对症治疗,并严密观察神志生命体征变化情况。4月13日复查见出血稳定,患者意识清晰,予尿激酶3万单位加生理盐水5mL经引流管注入,夹管2h开放,2次/d,严密观察引流情况及患者意识反应等,病情平稳。
 
4月15日CT见血肿引流满意,脑室复张,中线居中,遂于4月16日拔除引流管。拔管后30min患者迅速出现意识障碍,昏迷,合并左侧瞳孔散大,并迅速出现右侧瞳孔散大,立即甘露醇静脉滴注降低颅压,床边消毒后将左顶切口撑开,从引流孔吸出新鲜血凝块,立即送手术室在全麻下行左颞顶开颅。术中剪开硬脑膜,可见增厚的血肿包膜,厚约5mm,剪开包膜见暗红色血凝块,清除血肿约60mL,术中未见明显大的血管出血,主要是包膜表面广泛渗血。血肿脏层包膜与蛛网膜黏连紧密,较菲薄,剥离困难,遂将血肿外包膜部分切除,电凝止血。
 
术后患者自主呼吸平稳,但意识无恢复,持续昏迷。4月17日CT见血肿清除满意,脑复张可,5月6日CT见右侧额颞硬膜下积液,血肿完全吸收,但患者仍持续昏迷,目前呈植物生存状态。
 
例2.患者,男,66岁,因间断头痛1周伴意识模糊4h余,于2017年6月29日入院。体格检查:昏睡,反应淡漠,右侧肢体肌力约3级,左侧肢体定位动作准确,头颅CT提示左侧额颞顶部慢性硬膜下血肿,脑组织表面伴有新鲜出血,中线结构右移。急诊行左顶钻孔引流术,术中见酱油样血性液体流出。
 
术后患者意识转清晰,肢体肌力恢复。6月30日复查头部CT提示左颞顶部新发出血增加,行尿激酶3万单位加生理盐水5mL经引流管注入,但无明显血液流出。过程中患者再发意识障碍,昏睡,于7月2日行左颞顶开颅血肿清除加颅骨还纳术,术中见有硬膜下有明显包膜形成,内层包膜较厚,第一次手术置管位于增厚的包膜外,出血位于增厚包膜下,主要为包膜渗血,蛛网膜网表面有不完整的包膜形成。
 
清除并电凝止血充分后,脑搏动良好,脑压下降,遂将颅骨还纳。术后患者意识一度清晰,后又出现模糊,7月3日CT见颅内仍有新鲜出血,遂再次行开颅血肿清除,术中仍未见活动性出血,考虑为残留包膜出血,将包膜予以尽量清除,并将额颞底及顶部骨窗缘下方潜行的血肿包膜全部予以电凝止血,去除骨瓣减压。术后患者神志清晰,复查CT见血肿清除满意,无再发出血,无肢体偏瘫,术后8d拆线办理出院,择期来院行颅骨修补术。
 
讨论
 
慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)是临床常见病,其发病机制仍未完全清楚,部分病例可以看到明显的从急性出血到积液,再到慢性血肿的演变过程,手术治疗最常用钻孔引流术,且治疗效果良好,但本组2例患者术后反复大量颅内新发出血比较少见。2例均为典型CSDH,诊断明确,行钻孔引流术后,均合并新发出血,且出血速度快,其中例1很快出现意识障碍,发生脑疝。再次手术前考虑出血为穿刺道或脑皮层表面有大的血管损伤出血所致,但结合术中情况,2例均为包膜渗血,并无明显活动性出血,与术前判断有异。特别是例2患者开颅术后再发出血,第1次开颅术中已充分止血,冲洗水清,但在骨窗范围外位于额、颞底及顶部的血肿包膜,未给予彻底清除及电凝止血,可能为二次出血的原因,故行第2次开颅术时,将骨窗缘外潜行的包膜尽量切除,对残余包膜给予反复电凝彻底止血,术后未再出血。
 
分析认为此2例慢性硬膜下血肿的成因是包膜新生血管慢性渗血所致。如钻孔术后新发出血,需要开颅手术时,应将血肿包膜尽量清除,并对残余包膜尽量全部电凝止血。例2患者新发出血主要位于血肿内包膜下方,间接证明CSDH有明显的血肿内外包膜,引流管与血肿之间有一层包膜相隔,故患者引流效果差。另也说明包膜出血可能向血肿腔内,也可能向内出血位于内层包膜下方,术前阅片可以看到新鲜出血与慢性血肿之间有明显分界。
 
有学者认为CSDH临床分5期,手术干预应在临床症状最重的Ⅳ期进行,如渡过该期到Ⅴ期则进入吸收期,而例1患者从血肿到积液,再到CSHD演变过程,只有24d,钻孔术后经历了反复的二次出血过程,出血机制考虑是否为时间短,包膜仍有新生血管形成反复出血等原因,故对这类时间节点明显较短的在院观察患者,行钻孔引流应慎重,是否应该尽量等待稍长时间,再行手术操作,或者直接行骨窗开颅手术,有待进一步的病例资料验证。
 
CSDH钻孔引流术是较理想的手术方式,术后新发出血并发症可能引起严重的后果,故必须引起高度重视,术后应加强观察及监控。再出血如需开颅手术时建议彻底电凝包膜止血,能对减少再出血起到帮助,利于患者恢复,也避免一些医疗纠纷。
 
原始出处:

杨勇,闵杰,王仙,吴明灿.慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后反复急性出血2例[J].广东医学,2018,39(S2):345.

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