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ESH2018丨高血压与脑损伤

2018-06-17 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

2018年6月8日下午,在ESH 2018年会ESH高血压与脑损伤学组主办的高血压与卒中专场上,来自波兰的D. Gasecki教授就高血压与脑损伤作专题讲座,概述了高血压患者主要脑损伤表现、高血压相关脑部老化与正常脑部老化的区别,分享了自己对于高血压脑损伤的深度认识。

2018年6月8日下午,在ESH 2018年会ESH高血压与脑损伤学组主办的高血压卒中专场上,来自波兰的D. Gasecki教授就高血压与脑损伤作专题讲座,概述了高血压患者主要脑损伤表现、高血压相关脑部老化与正常脑部老化的区别,分享了自己对于高血压脑损伤的深度认识。



D. Gasecki教授

高血压与脑损伤之初认识

众所周知,高血压是卒中最重要的危险因素,是全球死亡的第二大主要原因,是长期失能的主要原因,还是血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)及阿尔茨海默病(AD)的主要危险因素。高血压发病早期大脑即可出现结构、功能及组织学改变,大小脑血管是高血压脑损害的重要靶器官。

脑血管的常见急性临床表现为缺血性及出血性卒中,慢性表现为老化和痴呆。与高血压相关的大脑病变则包括MCA闭塞、颈动脉闭塞、脑白质疏松、腔隙性梗死、微梗死、微出血及大出血等。



高血压与脑损伤之再认识

高血压时的脑损伤可表现为脑小血管病(SVD),临床上可为腔隙性脑梗死或深部脑出血,影像学检查可见近期皮质下小梗死、白质高信号、腔隙、脑部微出血及脑萎缩等。



研究发现,高血压可通过多种途径导致大脑老化。因此,临床实践中,医生有必要了解并区分年龄增加相关的大脑正常老化与高血压时大脑的老化。正常老化时,大脑结构的形态学变化可见脑室周围结构变化、血管周围间隙(VRS)、广泛皮质萎缩、内侧颞叶萎缩(MTA)、白质病变(WML)、脑部微出血及基底核铁聚积。就脑萎缩而言,研究发现,人体的脑叶容积随时间推移呈降低趋势。就MTA而言,其与认知功能障碍具有相关性,不同年龄人群的异常界值不同。具体来说,年龄小于75岁的人群中中评分≥2视为异常,而年龄大于75岁的人群中评分≥3才视为异常。就白质高信号而言,临床实践中更容易被忽视为正常老化的表现。实际上50岁~69岁及70岁~89岁人群中白质高信号数值分别为7%和17%,临床实践中我们可根据WM评分对白质高信号情况进行分层分析,将其分为轻度、中度及重度。其中,与年龄相关的严重白质变化与全脑快速功能下降具有较强的独立相关性。

多因素回归分析显示年龄、男性、高血压、吸烟、外周血管疾病及腔隙性脑梗死等均是与其发病相关的SVD评分的重要危险因素。临床实践中,SVD可分为无症状的沉默型和临床显著型,与慢性SVD相关症状及各阶段严重程度有关。



高血压与脑损伤之深体会

中年期血压增高对于脑动脉粥样硬化(弥漫性SVD)、颞叶萎缩、轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)、血管性痴呆、阿尔茨海默病均具有预测价值;中年期应用任何降压药物均有助于降低老年时阿尔茨海默病的发病。但是,降压治疗通常并不能完全逆转高血压相关的大脑变化。这提示,高血压对大脑的影响并非继发于外周血压的升高,高血压本身可能并不导致脑部疾病。

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    2018-06-19 wfang549
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    2018-06-17 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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    2018-06-17 flysky120

    控制高血压吸烟喝酒.

    0

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