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Science:科学家阐述基因工程的新前沿

2015-12-08 佚名 生物谷

人类具有改变自然的能力,而这是几千年来人类的一个特征,这使得人类社会的文明发展向前迈进了一大步,而改变机体的遗传特性此前仅被局限于那些驯化的生物,比如牲畜和庄稼等,然而如今这种改变已经可以扩展到整个生命圈了,当然这也包括我们人类自己。在行星范围内进行基因工程,曾经被认为是科幻的东西,而如今我们却有可能实现,如今科学家们觉得在一个较大的范围下快速转化整个生态系统不再是一种假设了。 近日,刊登在国际

人类具有改变自然的能力,而这是几千年来人类的一个特征,这使得人类社会的文明发展向前迈进了一大步,而改变机体的遗传特性此前仅被局限于那些驯化的生物,比如牲畜和庄稼等,然而如今这种改变已经可以扩展到整个生命圈了,当然这也包括我们人类自己。在行星范围内进行基因工程,曾经被认为是科幻的东西,而如今我们却有可能实现,如今科学家们觉得在一个较大的范围下快速转化整个生态系统不再是一种假设了。

近日,刊登在国际杂志Science上的多项研究报告中,来自加利福尼亚大学等处的研究人员表示,他们已经可以对蚊子进行遗传工程化操作使其不仅可以阻断由疟原虫引发的疟疾感染,而且还可以在其种群中快速扩散抗疟疾的基因,在某些区域中一个季节就足以改变整个群体的情况。

疟疾每年会引发成千上百万人死亡,而且潜在的影响也是非常明显的,研究者Robert Friedman表示,如今我们已经可以设计出一种可以推动人造基因改变的可靠性方法,这种名为基因驱动的新技术已经全部融入到了名为CRISPR-Cas9的基因编辑技术中,在传统的物种繁殖过程中,来自相对较少修饰的生物机体中的基因更趋向于“淹没”于携带未修饰基因的大型群体中,基因驱动可以通过增加物种每一代的修饰基因的数量来改变平衡,而修饰的基因则会通过上一代遗传到下一代中。

研究者Valentino Gantz指出,我们已经在果蝇机体中成功实现了基因驱动,同时我们也将这种技术称之为诱变连锁反应,在这种反应中,仅在杂合子的一对基因中出现的突变会转化成为在所有基因中出现的同型接合子突变(homozygous mutation),而如今研究人员通过研究发现,在蚊子中这种转化的效率可以高达99.5%。

诱变连锁反应的元件会在基因工程中引入一种新型的因子,而随着科学家们对其风险和效益的检测,早在上世纪70年代中期已经终止了相关的研究;如今科学家们和政府官员们达成一致,认为基因工程技术是一种帮助开发更好的治疗手段的合法工具,比如胰岛素的制造来源于细菌,即细菌中的一种基因可以编码制造胰岛素;又比如说,产自遗传工程化细胞的单克隆抗体如今也是制药工程的一部分。

将基因工程药物领域转移到食品领域倡议以来一直存在争议,在牛奶中添加由基因工程制造的激素目前被广泛反对,尽管FDA表示这种牛奶的安全的;此外,转基因作物也被包括绿色和平组织等在内的全球多个环境团体所反对;反对者们表示,在实验室外含有人造基因的食物或许存在一定的安全隐患以及一些未知的结果;在墨西哥反对意见主要集中于反对转基因玉米的使用。

然而目前科学研究并没有发现基因工程修饰化食物对人类健康的影响,而其所带来的潜在效益包括提高生育力、改善疾病以及较高的营养价值等;WHO和美国已经发表声明表示,转基因作物在引发潜在问题的同时也会带来一定的益处,但他们对于这些转基因作物并没有监管的权力,这需要各个国家通力合作制定出行之有效的措施。总而言之,随着新型基因工程技术的开发和普及,我们需要以一种理性客观的眼光去看待。

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    2016-01-04 lyh994

    大范围的物种编辑的确是大手笔!

    0

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    2015-12-27 hixiaoluo

    好文章,值得收藏

    0

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    2015-12-10 jichang
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51850, encodeId=541d5185074, content=大范围的物种编辑的确是大手笔!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 19:03:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48788, encodeId=762248e88e1, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 08:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375130, encodeId=e2dc13e5130cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Thu Dec 10 00:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=45365, encodeId=435045365c5, content=棒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd011656806, createdName=wumwuy, createdTime=Wed Dec 09 18:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=45269, encodeId=5fd54526902, content=的确,我们需要以一种理性客观的眼光去看待, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://login.medsci.cn/upload/avatar/e3b78fdf1c4d3e2e9ec6e03f643df0e2/6ca494c7b27a25fdde0721c5dac778d7.jpg, createdBy=2e441664544, createdName=鲜花飞鸟, createdTime=Tue Dec 08 23:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=45244, encodeId=2b39452449b, content=棒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=191, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Tue Dec 08 19:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-09 wumwuy

    0

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    2015-12-08 鲜花飞鸟

    的确,我们需要以一种理性客观的眼光去看待

    0

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    2015-12-08 三三五五

    0

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