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临床应用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物,这些内容要清楚!(附详细用药剂量)

2019-01-03 佚名 重症医学

近年来,我国碳青霉烯类抗菌药物在临床应用中出现了一些不合理现象,部分细菌对其耐药性呈明显上升趋势。中华人民共和国卫生与健康委员会组织相关领域专家多次研究论证,形成《碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用专家共识》。对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用提出了专家建议。


近年来,我国碳青霉烯类抗菌药物在临床应用中出现了一些不合理现象,部分细菌对其耐药性呈明显上升趋势。中华人民共和国卫生与健康委员会组织相关领域专家多次研究论证,形成《碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用专家共识》。对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用提出了专家建议。

碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用的专家建议

1严格掌握药物临床应用适应证

《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则(2015年版)》明确碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用适应证:多重耐药但对本类药物敏感的需氧革兰阴性杆菌所致严重感染;脆弱拟杆菌等厌氧菌与需氧菌混合感染的重症患者;病原菌尚未查明的严重免疫缺陷患者感染的经验治疗。对照这3个适应证,临床合理应用的重点有:

“重症感染”是指因感染导致患者出现低血压、低氧血症、脏器功能损害等临床表现的患者。而对于“重症患者”,则需要认真鉴别是否存在感染后,再决定是否需要使用抗菌药物,特别是碳青霉烯类药物。

多重耐药菌感染的重症患者才有使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的指征。应当提倡耐药菌感染抗菌治疗的多样化,对于一些轻中度的多重耐药菌感染,宜选择其他类别的抗菌药物,如产ESBL细菌所致的轻中度感染也可根据药敏结果选用其他类别抗菌药物。

有用药适应证的患者应当强调病原学诊断,及时降阶梯治疗。在应用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物前,必须送检标本做病原学检查,明确病原及药敏结果时,应当及时进行病情评估,合理采用降阶梯治疗。

按病原菌类别及抗菌药物药代动力学/药效学特性选择合适的碳青霉烯类品种。

①亚胺培南、美罗培南、帕尼培南及比阿培南的体外抗菌活性相仿(最低抑菌浓度接近),对于某些重症感染及广泛耐药菌感染(如CRE感染)则应保证足够的用量,选择说明书或有循证医学证据的权威指南推荐给药剂量较大的品种。

②厄他培南可用于中、重度细菌性感染,其半衰期长,可以一天一次给药。

除厄他培南可用于直结肠择期手术的预防用药外,碳青霉烯类抗菌药物无其他预防用药指征,不可作为预防用药。

多重耐药定植菌或携带状态,不宜使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物治疗。

2规范儿童患者用药

近年来,儿童群体碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的使用量及耐药性明显上升,主要原因:

感染患儿可以选用的抗菌药物较成人少,包括碳青霉烯类在内的β—内酰胺类抗菌药物为主要选择。

越来越多的医疗机构建立了儿科重症监护室,收治了更多重症感染患儿。

大于1月龄儿童的碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用适应证与成人相仿,在新生儿及肾功能不全的儿童用药安全性尚未确定。为减轻细菌耐药选择性压力,应当严格控制碳青霉烯类抗菌药物在感染患儿中的应用。

严格掌握用药指征。临床科室应当严格掌握碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用指征,按照规定会诊,由具有相应处方权的医师开具处方,并经药师审核后使用。

制定合理的给药方案。患儿发生感染时,及时正确留取微生物标本,依据标本培养及药敏试验结果,合理选择相应的给药方案。强调通过病原学诊断尽早实施目标性治疗。

3规范特殊人群用药

该类药物主要通过肾脏排泄,肾功能不全患者或存在肾功能下降的老年人需要减量使用;肝功能不全患者使用时一般无需剂量调整。美罗培南与厄他培南为妊娠B类药物,有明确指征时可用于孕妇,其他品种为C类。

碳青霉烯类抗菌药物推荐给药剂量

1亚胺培南(剂量以亚胺培南计算)

一般为静脉滴注给药,亦可肌内注射给药,严禁静脉注射给药。

(1)静脉给药

①成人:肾功能正常患者根据感染严重程度、细菌敏感性以及患者体重而定,每日2~3g每6~8小时给药1次;每日最大剂量不得超过50mg/kg或4g,且无资料显示剂量超过4g可提高疗效。

②肾功能减退成人:肾功能减退患者需调整剂量,内生肌酐清除率50~90ml/min者每次0.25~0.5g,每6~8小时给药1次;内生肌酐清除率10~50ml/min者每次0.25,每6~12小时给药1次;内生肌酐清除率6~9ml/min者每次0.125~0.25g,每12小时给药1次。血液透析患者应在透析后给药,连续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者剂量与内生肌酐清除率< 10ml/min者同,连续肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)每次0.5~1g,每日2次。内生肌酐清除率< 20ml/min者超过推荐剂量时癫痫发生率上升。

③新生儿:<7天新生儿,一次20mg/kg,每12小时1次;7-21天新生儿,一次20mg/kg,每8小时1次;21-28天新生儿,一次20mg/kg,每6小时1次。

④儿童:1-3个月婴儿,一次20mg/kg,每6小时1次;3个月-18岁或者体重<40kg儿童,一次15mg/kg(最大剂量500mg),每6小时1次;体重≥40kg儿童,一次250-500mg,每6小时1次。

⑤对肾功能损害的儿童(血清肌酐>2mg/dl),尚无足够的临床资料作为推荐依据。

(2)肌内注射

剂量为每次0.5~0.75g,每12小时给药1次。本品0.5g和0.75g应分别溶解于1%利多卡因溶液2ml和3ml中供肌肉注射。

2美罗培南

①成人:肾功能正常患者根据感染严重程度、细菌敏感性以及患者体重等而定,常用量为每次0.5~1g,每8~12小时给药1次;细菌性脑膜炎患者可增至每次2g,每8小时给药1次;每日最大剂量不得超过6g。

②肾功能减退成人:肾功能减退患者需调整剂量,内生肌酐清除率>50~90ml/min者每次1g,每8小时给药1次;内生肌酐清除率26~50ml/min者每次1g,每12小时给药1次;内生肌酐清除率10~25ml/min者每次0.5g,每12小时给药1次;内生肌酐清除率<10ml/min者每次0.5g,每24小时给药1次。血液透析患者剂量为每次0.5g,每24小时给药1次,每次透析结束后应补充0.5g。CAPD患者剂量与内生肌酐清除率<10ml/min者同。

③老年人:内生肌酐清除率>50ml/min者不需调整剂量,<50ml/min者按肾功能来调整剂量。

④新生儿:<7天新生儿,一次20mg/kg,每12小时1次;7-28天新生儿,一次20mg/kg,每8小时1次。治疗脑膜炎时:<7天新生儿,一次40mg/kg,每12小时1次;7-28天新生儿,一次40mg/kg,每8小时1次。

⑤儿童:1个月-12岁或者体重<50kg儿童,一次10mg/kg,每8小时1次;12-18岁或者体重≥50kg儿童,一次500mg,每8小时1次。治疗院内感染肺炎、腹膜炎、血流感染以及中性粒细胞缺乏的感染时,剂量可加倍。治疗脑膜炎时:1个月-12岁或者体重<50kg儿童,一次40mg/kg,每8小时1次;12-18岁或者体重≥50kg儿童,一次2g,每8小时1次。

⑥对肾功能损害患者,如果肌酐清除率每分钟25-50ml/1.73m2,正常剂量每12小时1次;如果肌酐清除率每分钟10-25ml/1.73m2,正常半量每12小时1次;如果肌酐清除率每分钟<10ml/1.73m2,正常半量每24小时1次。

3帕尼培南

①成人每日1~2g,每8~12小时给药1次;

②儿童每日30~60mg/kg,每8小时给药1次;

③重症或难治感染可增加至每日100mg/kg,每6~8小时给药1次,最大剂量不超过每日2g。

4比阿培南

①成人每次300mg,每12小时1次静脉滴注。重症患者可适当增加剂量,每日最大剂量1.2g。

5厄他培南

①肾功能正常成人和13岁以上儿童剂量为每日1次,每次1g;3个月~12岁儿童为每日2次,每次15mg/kg,每日剂量不超过1g。

②内生肌酐清除率>30ml/min者无需调整剂量,内生肌酐清除率≤30ml/min者剂量调整为每日1次,每次0.5g。

③血透患者如在血液透析前6小时内给药,透析后需补充给药0.15g;如在血透时间前超过6小时给药,则透析后不需要补充给药。

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2083807, encodeId=ab29208380ef3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1976e3751f8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯类抗菌药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73751, encryptionId=1976e3751f8, topicName=碳青霉烯类抗菌药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8e4c53, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Mon Sep 30 18:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056603, encodeId=e0c020566039b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef65e3747c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73747, encryptionId=ef65e3747c4, topicName=碳青霉烯类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7a9987, createdName=gous, createdTime=Sun Nov 24 22:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835783, encodeId=ea8a1835e833a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Sun Oct 13 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330788, encodeId=ab8a1330e8873, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6b455688d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55688, encryptionId=c6b455688d1, topicName=抗菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Sat Jan 05 08:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1373100, encodeId=825513e3100cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb2555e176c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Sat Jan 05 08:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=357086, encodeId=bf5835e0860f, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习了,把经验应用于实践,为患者解除病痛。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30251637888, createdName=lietome15, createdTime=Thu Jan 03 18:17:58 CST 2019, time=2019-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2083807, encodeId=ab29208380ef3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1976e3751f8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯类抗菌药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73751, encryptionId=1976e3751f8, topicName=碳青霉烯类抗菌药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8e4c53, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Mon Sep 30 18:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056603, encodeId=e0c020566039b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef65e3747c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73747, encryptionId=ef65e3747c4, topicName=碳青霉烯类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7a9987, createdName=gous, createdTime=Sun Nov 24 22:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835783, encodeId=ea8a1835e833a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Sun Oct 13 13:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330788, encodeId=ab8a1330e8873, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6b455688d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55688, encryptionId=c6b455688d1, topicName=抗菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Sat Jan 05 08:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1373100, encodeId=825513e3100cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb2555e176c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Sat Jan 05 08:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=357086, encodeId=bf5835e0860f, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习了,把经验应用于实践,为患者解除病痛。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30251637888, createdName=lietome15, createdTime=Thu Jan 03 18:17:58 CST 2019, time=2019-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2019-01-05 lhlxtx
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    2019-01-03 lietome15

    好文,值得点赞!认真学习了,把经验应用于实践,为患者解除病痛。

    0

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