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MedRxiv: 新冠病毒可在部分物体表面存活3天,轻度感染者10天后或已不具有传染性

2020-03-13 张静茹 生物探索

世卫组织每日疫情报告显示,截至欧洲中部时间12日10时(北京时间12日17时),中国以外受疫情影响的国家和地区已达到117个,新冠肺炎确诊病例较前一日增加6703例,累计达到44067例,死亡病例较前

世卫组织每日疫情报告显示,截至欧洲中部时间12日10时(北京时间12日17时),中国以外受疫情影响的国家和地区已达到117个,新冠肺炎确诊病例较前一日增加6703例,累计达到44067例,死亡病例较前一日增加310例,累计达到1440例。


随着中国全民积极抗疫,目前取得了全国初步抗疫的阶段性胜利。然而,全球这场“战疫”何时能结束,仍是个未知数。

轻度感染者10天后或已不具备传染性

近日,一项发表在预印本平台medRxiv(未经同行评审)上的文章表示,新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染者在患病初期会传播大量病毒,这也就解释了为什么其会在全球迅速传播。


这项是由德国柏林慈善大学和慕尼黑联邦议院微生物研究所的研究人员所领导,是中国以外首个针对已诊断出新冠病毒感染患者的临床数据的研究。

研究发现,随着病情的发展,新冠病毒感染力可能会降低。虽然轻度感染者在患病后的数天甚至数周内咽喉拭子PCR检测仍可能呈阳性,但轻度新冠病毒感染者在出现症状约10天后可能不再具有传染性。

具体来说,这项研究纳入了9例新冠病毒感染者,他们均在德国慕尼黑的一家医院住院治疗。研究人员收集了所有患者的鼻咽拭子、痰液、粪便、血液和尿液的样本。除了寻找病毒RNA片段的检测外,研究人员还试图从患者的痰、血、尿和粪便样本中培养病毒。

结果发现,病毒很容易从咽喉和肺源性样本中分离出来,但从粪便样本中无法培养出病毒,尽管病毒RNA浓度很高。血液和尿液样本中也不能培养出病毒。

此外,研究人员发现,在患者发病的初期,喉咙会排出非常高的病毒。在轻度感染者中,病毒脱落在第5天后稳步下降,到第10天,患者不在具有传染性。而两名重症新冠病毒感染者出现了肺炎症状后,继续从喉咙排出高浓度病毒,直到第10或11天。

根据目前的发现,研究人员建议,对于症状超过第10天且每毫升痰液中病毒RNA拷贝少于100,000的患者,可以选择早期出院并进行家庭隔离。

此外,值得注意的是,研究小组于第6天到第12天之间在每位患者中检测到抗体,这表明患者免疫系统在暴露病毒后不久就开始对病原体建立防御。抗体的迅速上升可能解释了为什么约80%的新冠病毒感染者不会发展成严重的疾病。

作者强调,由于这项新的研究是基于一些相对较轻的病例,因此需要更多的研究来验证这些结论。

病毒可在塑料和不锈钢表面存活长达3天

关于新冠病毒在离开人体后在外环境中能存活多长时间,近日,美国国立卫生研究院,普林斯顿大学和加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校领导一项新研究试图找出答案。

在这项研究中,研究人员使用喷雾装置模拟感染者咳嗽、打喷嚏,将新冠病毒样本放入空气中。结果发现,新冠病毒在空气中能存活3小时,在铜质表面上存活4小时,在硬纸板表面上存活24小时,在塑料和不锈钢表面存活2到3天。这主要取决于温度和湿度等条件。相关内容发表在预印本平台medRxiv(未经同行评审)上。

有中国的经验,其他国家不必“从零开始”

3月11日,世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞宣布,疫情的传播程度和严重性令人深感担忧,新冠肺炎疫情从特征上可称为大流行。“我们以前从未见过冠状病毒引发的大流行。我们以前也从未见过得到控制的大流行。” 他说道,“我们已经响亮而清楚地敲响了警钟。呼吁各国采取紧急的、积极的行动。”

与此同时,随着中国疫情防控持续向好,“中国经验”也为了焦点。日前世卫组织赴中国考察专家组外方组长、世卫组织总干事高级顾问Bruce Aylward在接受采访时表示,中国所采取的疫情防控措施为世界树立了标准,有中国的经验,其他国家不必“从零开始”。

3月3日至4日,中国国家卫健委高级别专家组组长、中国工程院院士钟南山与欧洲呼吸学会候任主席安妮塔•西蒙斯博士进行了视频连线,向欧洲呼吸学会介绍与分享了中国抗击新冠肺炎疫情的成果和经验。

启动联防联控机制,坚持早发现、早报告、早隔离、早诊治,是防控疫情的关键。钟南山院士强调,每日更新、公布确诊病例和疑似病例的数据,是一项重要的措施。

钟南山院士表示,一些欧洲国家陆续出现了疫情暴发,应当尽早防止扩散。他指出,必须通过检测区分出新冠肺炎和流感,中国愿意把自己的经验分享出去,与欧洲呼吸学会互通有无。

3月12日下午,中国国家卫健委新闻发言人、宣传司副司长米锋在国务院联防联控机制发布会上表示,总体上,我国本轮疫情流行高峰已经过去,新增发病数在持续下降,疫情总体保持在较低水平。

米锋表示,当前全球疫情形势持续快速发展,对此中方密切关注,对各国防控工作压力感同身受。中方愿继续秉持公开、透明及对全球卫生安全和人民健康高度负责的态度,加强与世卫组织、有关国家和地区有效合作,为全球共同抗击疫情作出中国贡献。

原始出处:
Roman Woelfel, et al. Clinical presentation and virological assessment of hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in a travel-associated transmission cluster. MedRxiv. Posted March 08, 2020.

Neeltje van Doremalen, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1. MedRxiv. Posted March 10, 2020.

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    2020-03-17 xzw113
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    2020-03-13 12168424m28(暂无昵称)

    团结一致,众志成城!

    0

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    2020-03-13 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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