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有创人工气道的温湿化技术解读

2018-08-02 高金波 中国护理管理

气道湿化技术是指在一定温度控制下,应用湿化器将水分散成极细的微粒,以水蒸气的形式增加吸入呼吸道的气体中的湿度,达到湿润气道粘膜、稀释痰液、保持呼吸道粘膜纤毛系统的正常运动和廓清功能的一种物理疗法,是人工气道管理的一个标准过程

在危重症患者抢救与复苏的环节里,保证气道通畅是最重要最基本的。

一、什么是温湿化技术?

气道湿化技术是指在一定温度控制下,应用湿化器将水分散成极细的微粒,以水蒸气的形式增加吸入呼吸道的气体中的湿度,达到湿润气道粘膜、稀释痰液、保持呼吸道粘膜纤毛系统的正常运动和廓清功能的一种物理疗法,是人工气道管理的一个标准过程[1] 。

二、建立人工气道后为什么要温湿化?

在危重症患者抢救与复苏的环节里,保证气道通畅是最重要最基本的,其中,人工气道是保证气道通畅的有效手段,但当我们建立人工气道(气管插管或气管切开)时,由于上呼吸道气管黏膜被绕开,丧失了正常上呼吸道对吸入气体的加温加湿功能,所以重症患者,如果没有充分的气道温湿化,就会出现气管内黏膜底层的结缔组织发生结构性变化,黏液-纤毛转运系统出现功能障碍,无法通过发挥气道纤毛上皮细胞的摆动功能清除痰液,再加上自身免疫系统等因素,会导致分泌物黏稠,引起排痰不畅等情况[2],易导致痰栓堵塞气道,出现氧合下降,有效通气不佳,肺部感染,增加了VAP等并发症的发生率[3] 。



三、理想的温湿化要求是多少?

Williams等进行的一项Meta分析评价了吸入气体的温度和湿度对于气道黏膜功能的影响[4]。他们提出了一个模型:高于或低于理想温度和湿度条件下,气道黏膜功能均会受损,湿化液温度过低,低于30℃可导致纤毛运动减弱;Oostdam等的研究显示,吸入干燥空气的动物气道的疏松结缔组织血管外水显着减少,气道对组胺的反应性增高[5]。继发于黏稠或干燥分泌物的堵塞与湿化不佳显着相关[6]。湿化液温度过高,高于40℃也可导致纤毛运动减弱,气道灼伤、体温增加。

所以,充分的黏液、纤毛功能是理想湿化的标志。理想情况下,正常人生理性的肺泡温饱和界面(ISB)的温度为37oC,相对湿度为100%,绝对湿度为44mg/L,吸入气体的理想温度应接近正常患者气道开口的温度,吸人气体的温度应在37℃[7]。一旦选择了加湿装置,因为湿化装置和临床湿化方法的不同,确定最佳的热度和湿度是困难的,根据AARC推荐:使吸入气体的绝对湿度至少达到30mgH2O/L或相对湿度达到100%,输送气体温度在30℃[7],加热湿化器能够使输送气体达到接近37℃的体温,并使相对湿度达到 100%。



四、常用的温湿化装置有哪些?

湿化装置的目的是湿化气道,将吸入气体进行加温及加湿,使吸入气体温湿度达到肺泡所需要的等温饱和界面。

最常用的湿化装置有主动加温湿化器和被动加温湿化器(如热湿交换器(HME))。

主动加温湿化器包括非伺服控制型(无加热导丝的加温加湿器)和伺服控制型(有加热导丝的加温加湿器)加热湿化器能够使输送气体达到接近37℃的体温,并使相对湿度达到 100%,因此,含加热导丝的伺服型温湿化器是长期机械通气患者(机械通气时间大于96小时)的首选[8]。

被动加温湿化器如HME( 即人工鼻 )为一次性使用装置,其中的氯化锂海绵具有结合化学水和储热作用,呼出气中的水份及热可部分进行循环吸入,从而减少呼吸道失水及对吸入气体进行适当加温,HME目前在国内主要用于人工气道脱机后的氧疗或短暂使用呼吸机的机械通气。由于不额外提供热和水份,对脱水、呼吸道分泌物粘稠、需要长期使用机械通气、气道高阻力病人及小潮气量的患者来说,不是理想的湿化装置,不推荐使用。

五、温湿化有哪些注意点?

1、湿化装置内湿化罐用什么液体作为湿化液加热?

临床一般使用无菌注射用水,作为一种低渗液体,通过湿化吸入,为气管粘膜补充水份,保持粘膜-纤毛系统的正常功能,主要用于气道分泌物粘稠、气道失水多及高热、脱水等病人。

2、持续予雾化吸入进行气道湿化是否正确?

临床上雾化吸入用于气道内给药的一种有效技术,但对于气道分泌物粘稠的人工气道患者不适用于作为气道温湿化的方法,因为它有很明显的缺点:1.无加热功能2.过度湿化的危险3.增加感染机会多用于气道内给药。

3、气道内滴注进行气道湿化?

临床上早已不推荐气道内滴注进行气道湿化,因为它有很明显的缺点:不能起到温化作用,同时会造成气道壁上细菌移位,增加VAP的发生率。

4、人工气道湿化的量多少合适?

正常人每天从呼吸道丢失的水份约300~500ml,成人以每天200ml为最低量,确切量应视临床情况而定,美国国家标准温湿化量为30mg/L,结合温度缺(为达到100%体湿度所缺欠水的情况。上气道黏膜表面为吸入气体必须提供的水气量的指数)来计算,例如:如果温度21℃,绝对湿度是9mg/L时,温度缺是多少?44-9=35mg/L如果患者每分通气量是10L/min,那么一分钟的缺水量是:349mg,一天的缺水量是:504g。

建立人工气道后,每天丢失量剧增,对于机械通气早期而言,宜增加湿化量!

六、温湿化效果如何评估?

湿度的客观评估是困难的,推荐应常规监测分泌物的量[7],根据气道痰液的量、粘稠度来评估湿化效果。

1、痰液黏稠度判断(根据痰液在吸痰管玻璃接头处的性状和在玻璃管内壁的附着情况,将痰的黏度分为3度)。

Ⅰ度(稀痰):痰如米汤或白色泡沫样,能轻易咳出,吸痰后接接管内无痰液滞留。

Ⅱ度(中度黏稠):较Ⅰ度黏稠,需用力才能咳出,吸痰后有少量痰液在连接管内壁滞留,但易被水冲洗干净。

Ⅲ度(重度黏稠):黏稠,常呈黄色并伴有血痂,不易咳出,吸痰时吸痰管因负压过大而塌陷,连接管内壁上留滞有大量痰液且不易用水冲净。

2、人工气道的痰量分级:

0=没有或只在吸痰管外侧有少量痰迹

1=只在吸痰管顶端内侧有痰液

2=吸痰管内充满痰液

3=吸痰时间少于12秒

4=大量痰液,吸引时间超过12秒

3、湿化效果判断标准:



原始出处:

[1] 孙莲香.人工气道湿化的护理进展[J] .实用临床医药杂志, 2010 , 14(2):80-81.

[2] Sottiaux T (2006) Consequences of under- and over-humidification. Respir care Clin 12(2):233-252.

[3] Muscedere J,Rewa O,McKechine K,et a1.Subglottic secrection drainage for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Crit Care Med,2011,39(8):1985-1991.

[4] Williams R, Rankin N, Smith T, Galler D, Seakins P  Relationship between the humidity and temperature of inspired gas and the function of the airway mucosa. Crit Care Med.1996. 24(11):1920-1929

[5] Oostdam JC, Walker DC, Knudson K et al。 Effect of breathing dry air on süucture and function of airways. J Appl Physiol. 1986. 61(1):312-317.

[6] Branson RD. The effects of inadequate humidity. Respir Care Clin N Am. 1998. 4(2):199-214.


[8] Solomita M et al. Humidification and secretion volume in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care. 2009. 54(10): 1329-1335.

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    2018-09-20 jyzxjiangqin

    有创人工气道的温湿化技术解读。

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    2018-08-20 jyzxjiangqin

    有创气道的温湿化技术解读。

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    2018-08-09 jyzxjiangqin

    有创人工气道技术解读。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345864, encodeId=63cf345864d0, content=有创人工气道的温湿化技术解读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Sep 20 18:21:09 CST 2018, time=2018-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339776, encodeId=f7eb339e7637, content=有创气道的温湿化技术解读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 20 20:50:28 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337542, encodeId=aabc33e54236, content=有创人工气道技术解读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 12:42:35 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336499, encodeId=3f2e33649924, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Aug 05 07:09:08 CST 2018, time=2018-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336488, encodeId=d26133648831, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 05 06:54:21 CST 2018, time=2018-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-05 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文章学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345864, encodeId=63cf345864d0, content=有创人工气道的温湿化技术解读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Sep 20 18:21:09 CST 2018, time=2018-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339776, encodeId=f7eb339e7637, content=有创气道的温湿化技术解读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 20 20:50:28 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337542, encodeId=aabc33e54236, content=有创人工气道技术解读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 12:42:35 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336499, encodeId=3f2e33649924, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Aug 05 07:09:08 CST 2018, time=2018-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336488, encodeId=d26133648831, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 05 06:54:21 CST 2018, time=2018-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-05 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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