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新型降糖药物是如何发挥心血管保护作用的?

2017-10-03 郭艺芳 郭艺芳心前沿

虽然一些学者认为多种降糖药物具有心血管保护作用,但迄今为止,美国FDA只批准两种药物具有降低2型糖尿病患者心血管风险的适应证,即恩格列净与利拉鲁肽。其获批依据分别来自于EMPA-REG研究与LEADER研究结论。

虽然一些学者认为多种降糖药物具有心血管保护作用,但迄今为止,美国FDA只批准两种药物具有降低2型糖尿病患者心血管风险的适应证,即恩格列净与利拉鲁肽。其获批依据分别来自于EMPA-REG研究与LEADER研究结论。

心血管并发症是2型糖尿病患者致死致残的主要原因,因而降低大血管事件风险是治疗糖尿病的最重要的目的之一。现已完成的多项随机化临床试验表明,通过降低血糖水平不能降低心血管死亡、非致死性心梗与非致死性卒中等大血管事件发生率。

随着SGLT-2抑制剂与GLP-1激动剂等新型降糖药物的问世,为2型糖尿病患者的药物治疗带来新思路。EMPA-REG研究与LEADER研究分别证实,恩格列净与利拉鲁肽能够降低2型糖尿病患者心血管事件风险,将血糖管理带入全新时期。能够降低血糖且不增加心血管风险的药物可以称作合格的降糖药物,既能降低血糖又能降低心血管事件风险的药物才能称为优秀的降糖药。因此,评价一种降糖药物的临床地位,不应将降糖作用作为唯一标准。

目前,关于恩格列净发挥心血管保护作用的机制尚不清楚。由于组间血糖水平差异很小,难以解释终点事件发生率的不同,因而该药减少大血管事件的作用不是通过降低血糖实现的。

推测其潜在的获益机制包括:

1. 利尿作用。该药具有显着的渗透性利尿作用,可以减少细胞外液容量,降低心脏前后负荷。在EMPA-REG研究中,恩格列净组与安慰剂组受试者主要复合终点事件发生率在试验早期就表现出明显差异,很可能与容量机制有关;

2. 降压作用。恩格列净具有一定降压作用,这也构成其心血管获益的重要机制之一;

3. 改善血管弹性功能。动脉弹性功能减退是心血管疾病的重要病理生理机制之一。有研究显示,恩格列净能够降低动脉僵硬度,改善血管弹性;

4. 抑制交感神经活性。恩格列净在降低血压、减少细胞外容量的同时,不会增快心率,提示该药具有抑制交感神经张力的作用;

5. 改善胰岛素敏感性。新近研究发现,恩格列净可以促进脂肪利用、抑制炎症反应、减轻胰岛素抵抗,通过多种机制对心血管系统产生有益影响。

关于利拉鲁肽发挥心血管保护作用的机制也未明确。与恩格列净相同,在LEADER研究中组间血糖差异不能解释其心血管事件发生率的不同,因此其心血管保护作用另有原因。首先,该药可以通过扩张血管与利钠作用降低血压,这可能是其心血管获益的重要机制之一。

研究显示,利拉鲁肽可以使收缩压降低2.1-6.7 mmHg。该药的降压作用独立于体重下降之外,因为在患者体重下降之前其血压已经开始降低。其次,利拉鲁肽具有减轻体重的作用,对心血管系统具有有益影响;第三,有研究发现利拉鲁肽具有抑制左心室重构、增加心排量、保护左心室功能等作用;第四,近年发表的一些研究显示,利拉鲁肽还具有改善胰岛素敏感性的作用。

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    2017-10-03 jawel

    学习

    0

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    2017-10-03 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2017-10-03 1e0e5697m83(暂无匿称)

    henhao

    0

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