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顽固性高血压的诊断与治疗——解析2017年美国高血压指南

2017-11-15 郭艺芳 郭艺芳心前沿

在我国、特别是北方地区,居民食盐摄入量普遍较高,因此摄盐过多也是导致顽固性高血压的重要原因之一。与血压较易达标的患者相比,顽固性高血压患者发生心肌梗死、卒中与死亡的风险增高20-60%。因此,加强对顽固性高血压的综合管理,是提高高血压防治水平的关键环节。

2017年美国成人高血压预防、检测、评估与治疗指南颁布后,迅速在国内外引起巨大反响。虽然不同学者对于该指南中关于高血压诊断标准与降压目标值等方面的观点存在很大争议,但其中关于顽固性高血压(resistanthypertension )的建议很值得我国借鉴。按照140/90mmHg的血压控制目标值,成人高血压患者中约13%属于顽固性高血压。此类患者在临床处理中往往非常棘手。美国新指南重新梳理了现有研究证据,对顽固性高血压的处理原则做出了推荐。

该指南继续沿用了此前关于顽固性高血压的定义:应用3种作用机制互补的降压药(其中一种为利尿剂)治疗后血压仍不能达标,或者需要≥4种降压药物治疗方能使血压达标,即可诊为顽固性高血压。然而,按照新指南所推荐的<130/80mmHg的血压控制目标,诊断顽固性高血压的患者人数约会增加4%。由于流行病学背景与人口学、社会学等方面的差异,这一新标准并不适用于我国。我国临床实践中诊断顽固性高血压的界值仍为140/90mmHg。

新指南指出,导致顽固性高血压的危险因素包括高龄、肥胖、慢性肾病与糖尿病等。在我国、特别是北方地区,居民食盐摄入量普遍较高,因此摄盐过多也是导致顽固性高血压的重要原因之一。与血压较易达标的患者相比,顽固性高血压患者发生心肌梗死卒中与死亡的风险增高20-60%。因此,加强对顽固性高血压的综合管理,是提高高血压防治水平的关键环节。关于顽固性高血压与难治性高血压这两个概念,很多医生常相互混淆。新指南重新明确了难治性高血压(refractoryhypertension)的定义,即经过至少5种不同类型的降压药、其中包括1种长效噻嗪类利尿剂(如氯噻酮)以及1种盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂(如螺内酯)充分治疗后血压仍不能得到满意控制。实际上,只要治疗方案合理且排除了继发性高血压,真正的难治性高血压是非常少见的。然而,难治性高血压患者发生心力衰竭、卒中等心血管合并症的风险显着高于一般高血压患者,因此更应该强化治疗。

新指南指出,对于顽固性高血压患者,首先应除外继发性高血压,并了解患者的治疗依从性。很多看似顽固性高血压的患者,实际上并未长期坚持合理治疗而导致血压控制不佳。未坚持有效的生活方式干预(例如限盐、减轻体重等)也是血压不能达标的常见原因。排除上述因素之后,应重新检讨药物治疗方案是否合理。联合应用不同作用机制的降压药物是保证血压得以良好控制的关键措施,联合用药方案不合理常常导致治疗失败。新指南建议,对于顽固性高血压患者,由长效钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)、肾素血管紧张素系统抑制剂(RASI)与氯噻酮所组成的三药联合方案适合于多数患者。多项研究证据表明,在前述三药联合方案治疗基础上加用螺内酯可产生良好的降压效果。随机化对照试验PATHWAY-2研究发现,对于CCB、RASI与利尿剂联合治疗后血压控制不理想的患者,加用螺内酯的降压效果明显优于a-受体阻滞剂或b-受体阻滞剂。因此对于需要第四线药物治疗的患者应该首先选择螺内酯。这一推荐建议无疑进一步降低了b-受体阻滞剂的临床地位。另有研究显示,在常规治疗基础上加用肼苯哒嗪或米诺地尔也具有良好的降压效果,因此也可作为顽固性高血压患者的备选方案。

除了合理选择药物种类外,根据患者具体情况调整服药时间也可能在一定程度上改善治疗效果。很多种临床常用的长效降压药物的有效作用时间并不能完全覆盖24小时,在下一次用药前数小时,因药物作用减弱可能导致血压控制欠佳。因此顽固性高血压患者服用降压药物的时间需要结合患者昼夜血压波动特征确定。对于此类患者,进行24小时动态血压监测可以提供非常有价值的信息。例如,对于夜间血压下降不明显(即非杓型或反杓型)的高血压患者,在晚上睡前服用每日一次的长效降压药物有助于加强夜间血压的控制。

近年来关于顽固性高血压的器械治疗的研究很多,例如肾脏去交感神经术、髂动静脉分流术、颈动脉刺激装置等等。这些治疗方法仍然处于研发过程中,即便人们关注最多、研究最为充分的肾脏去交感神经术的疗效也未被最后证实,因此美国新指南不建议将这些新技术用于临床实践。

总之,只要排除了继发性高血压且坚持合理的非药物与药物治疗,多数顽固性高血压患者的血压是能够得到良好控制的。美国新指南所做出的推荐建议对我们具有很好的借鉴价值。

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    2018-07-27 hongbochen
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    2017-11-24 jyzxjiangqin

    2017年美国高血压指南的学习.

    0

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