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PNAS:诺奖得主论文,揭示牛奶和牛肉间接致癌的原因:它们携带有一种新型病原体

2021-03-19 生物世界 生物世界

哈拉尔德·楚尔·豪森(Harald zur Hausen),德国著名科学家,曾发现某些类型的乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)就是宫颈癌的病原体,为开发出宫颈癌疫苗打下了基础,因此获得

哈拉尔德·楚尔·豪森(Harald zur Hausen),德国著名科学家,曾发现某些类型的乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)就是宫颈癌的病原体,为开发出宫颈癌疫苗打下了基础,因此获得了2008年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

早在10多年前,诺贝尔奖得主楚尔·豪森就曾通过大数据发现,食用牛肉和牛奶与癌症发展有关,尤其是结直肠癌。楚尔·豪森认为,可能是牛肉和牛奶中含有的病原体导致了癌症。

几年前,德国癌症研究中心的 De Villiers 领导的研究团队在乳制品和牛血清中发现了一种新型的病原体,这种病原体是一种环状DNA,与某些细菌质粒的基因序列显示出极大的相似性。由于它们来源于牛肉和牛奶,因此研究团队将其命名为BMMF(Bovine Meat and Milk Factors,牛肉和牛奶因子)。

那么,在乳制品和牛血清中发现的新型传染因子BMMF是否在结直肠癌的发生中起作用呢?为了搞清楚这个问题,楚尔·豪森与 De Villiers 展开合作。

2021年3月15日,楚尔·豪森与 De Villiers 团队在《美国科学院院刊》(PNAS)发表了题为:Analysis of chronic inflammatory lesions of the colon for BMMF Rep antigen expression and CD68 macrophage interactions 的研究论文。

研究团队在结肠癌患者的肿瘤附近细胞中发现了BMMF(牛肉和牛奶因子)的存在,并进一步发现BMMF会触发局部慢性炎症,这种慢性炎症导致活性氧(ROS)水平升高,进而引发基因突变,从而长期促进癌症发生发展。

该研究支持了牛奶和牛肉的消费与结直肠癌的发展有因果关系,研究团队还表示,BMMF应当被视为间接致癌物,对于早期检测到存在BMMF的人,他们应及时进行结直肠癌筛查。

研究团队发现,BMMF(牛肉和牛奶因子)可以在人类细胞中繁殖,并在人类细胞中产生其繁殖所需的蛋白质产物Rep。但是它们结直肠癌的发展有什么作用?又是如何发挥作用的呢?

研究团队使用结直肠癌和健康肠道的组织样本对这一问题进行了仔细研究,研究团队使用了针对Rep蛋白的抗体,在16个大肠癌组织样本中的15个中检测到了BMMF。

令人惊讶的发现

研究团队惊讶地发现,检测表明,不是癌细胞本身包含Rep蛋白,而是肿瘤附近的细胞包含Rep蛋白。在固有层(lamina propria)检测到了Rep蛋白的存在,特别是肠隐窝附近,固有层是是位于肠粘膜下方的结缔组织。

研究团队还从这些Rep阳性细胞中,成功分离出了与从牛奶样品中分离出的病原体密切相关的BMMF DNA。

BMMF触发慢性炎症?

研究团队推测BMMF的存在可能会触发肠道组织中的慢性炎症过程。炎症的一种迹象是存在促炎性巨噬细胞,而实际上,这些炎性细胞正是在肿瘤附近发现的。

更重要的是,研究团队发现Rep蛋白和巨噬细胞标记物CD68蛋白的信号几乎是一致的,Rep蛋白存在于巨噬细胞周围或存在于巨噬细胞内。

BMMF的存在和其导致的慢性炎症,是否与结直肠癌有关呢?

研究团队接下来在在结直肠癌样本中寻找了Rep/CD68的组合信号,并将其与来自一组较年轻的无癌对照组的结直肠组织样本进行了比较。

检测结果表明,在结直肠癌患者中,肿瘤环境中所有肠道细胞中的7.3%呈Rep/CD68组合信号阳性。在对照组中,这一数字仅为1.7%。

研究团队还发现,在Rep阳性细胞环境中检测到活性氧(ROS)水平升高。活性氧水平的升高会促进基因突变的发生发展,而基因突变是癌症发生的重要因素。

这些炎症与癌症有关?

研究团队发现,这些炎症特别局限在肠隐窝附近,这是肠道干细胞的所在地,这些干细胞负责肠粘膜的不断再生,肠道干细胞连续产生大量的祖细胞,这些祖细胞迅速分裂并受到促进突变的炎症的影响。积累的突变越多,导致细胞分裂生长失控的基因出现的风险也就越高。

之前的许多研究已经证实慢性炎症会引发癌症,众所周知的例子就是丙型肝炎病毒感染引起的慢性炎症会导致肝癌的发

BMMF是间接致癌物?

对于这些研究结果,楚尔·豪森认为,来自牛肉和牛奶的BMMF,应该被视为间接致癌物,它可能作用于肠粘膜的分裂细胞达数十年之久,通过引起慢性炎症,促进基因突变、引发癌变。他还表示,BMMF的感染通常可能发生在生命的早期,即断奶前后。

最后,楚尔·豪森表示,这些研究结果支持了他们之前的假设,即牛奶和牛肉的消费与结直肠癌的发展有因果关系,同时这些发现也为预防性干预结直肠癌开辟了可能性,例如对于早期检测到存在BMMF的人,他们应及时进行结直肠癌筛查。

原始出处:

Timo Bund,et al. Analysis of chronic inflammatory lesions of the colon for BMMF Rep antigen expression and CD68 macrophage interactions. PNAS March 23, 2021 118 (12) e2025830118; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025830118.

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    2021-10-02 drwjr
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    2021-03-21 jambiya
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    2021-03-21 wumeihua90
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    2021-03-21 xue8605
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    2021-03-20 imhyxh

    适可而止

    0

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