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Hippocampus:阿尔茨海默病患者的记忆或许并没有丢失,而是被“封印”了……

2017-08-09 漱石 生物探索

记忆丧失是阿尔茨海默病的主要症状之一。长期以来,人们认为聚集在大脑中的淀粉样蛋白斑破坏了那些储存记忆的神经元。但是,最近一项来自于哥伦比亚大学的研究却发现,阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠失去的记忆能够被重新唤起。这项颠覆传统观点的研究认为,阿尔茨海默病或许并不会损伤记忆本身,而是破坏了我们重新唤起记忆的能力,更重要的是,这些被“封印”的记忆或许能够被人为地唤起。这项研究发表在7月份的Hippocampus期

记忆丧失是阿尔茨海默病的主要症状之一。长期以来,人们认为聚集在大脑中的淀粉样蛋白斑破坏了那些储存记忆的神经元。但是,最近一项来自于哥伦比亚大学的研究却发现,阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠失去的记忆能够被重新唤起。这项颠覆传统观点的研究认为,阿尔茨海默病或许并不会损伤记忆本身,而是破坏了我们重新唤起记忆的能力,更重要的是,这些被“封印”的记忆或许能够被人为地唤起。这项研究发表在7月份的Hippocampus期刊上。

为了研究记忆在阿尔茨海默病中受到的影响,研究人员开发出了一种在小鼠大脑中可视化个体记忆的方法。他们构建基因工程小鼠,使其神经元在存储记忆时发出黄色荧光,唤起记忆时发出红色荧光。然后将这些小鼠分为两组——一组为健康对照,另一组具有类似阿尔茨海默病的症状。

两组小鼠都进行了一项记忆测试。首先,研究人员将小鼠暴露于柠檬气味之中,同时给予它们电击。一周之后,再将这些小鼠暴露于同样的柠檬气味。大多数健康小鼠预感自己会受到电击,因此在问到气味后出现即时僵直。但是许多阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠已经忘记了柠檬气味和电击之间的联系。

这种行为与研究人员利用MRI在小鼠海马脑区中观察到的活动相吻合。在健康小鼠中,红色和黄色神经元重叠,这表明它们从储存记忆的神经元中唤起记忆。但是在阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠中,唤起记忆时的红色神经元与储存记忆时的不同,这意味着它们唤起的是错误的记忆。

光遗传学技术唤起阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠的记忆。图片来源:Hippocampus

最后,研究人员利用光遗传学技术重新激活阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠中柠檬-电击记忆。通过让进入大脑的光纤闪烁蓝色激光,研究人员能够刺激储存恐惧记忆的黄色神经元,从而使小鼠在闻到柠檬气味时产生恐惧的行为反应。

这项研究表明,“丢失”的记忆或许可能仍然在大脑中存在,并且可以恢复。领导该研究的通讯作者Christine Denny表示,目前光遗传学还不能应用于人类。但在未来,靶向药物或技术,如深部脑刺激或许能够帮助阿尔茨海默病患者找回失去的记忆。此外,这些技术可能还有其他的应用,比如帮助目击者记忆犯罪场景,甚至挖掘童年记忆。不过,阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠还不能完全反映人类疾病中的情况。这些小鼠大脑中死亡的神经元数目远远低于人类。

原始出处:

Perusini JN, Cajigas SA, Cohensedgh O, Lim SC, Pavlova IP, Donaldson ZR, Denny CA.Optogenetic stimulation of dentate gyrus engrams restores memory in Alzheimer's disease mice.Hippocampus. 2017 Jul 1. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22756.

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    2018-07-04 smlt2008
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    2018-02-08 whmdzju
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