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Nat Med:老年患者应用羟氯喹和阿奇霉素治疗新冠肺炎,11%出现QT间期延长(附事件始末)

2020-04-26 MedSci MedSci原创

2月4日,Cell Research发表武汉病毒所等文章表明,在体外研究中,氯喹能有效抑制新冠病毒,详细报道:Cell Res:瑞德西韦和磷酸氯喹能在体外有效抑制新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)),

2月4日,Cell Research发表武汉病毒所等文章表明,在体外研究中,氯喹能有效抑制新冠病毒,详细报道:Cell Res:瑞德西韦和磷酸氯喹能在体外有效抑制新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)),进一步上海等地专家认为氯喹的不良反应太大,羟氯喹应该有类似作用,但是不良反应小很多。在中国实际临床中,也在一定范围内应用了羟氯喹。

3月21日,法国科学家Didier Raoulta的团队在今天被同行评审的科学杂志International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents接受发表的一篇临床研究论文中显示硫酸羟氯喹对于治疗COVID-2019病人有显著疗效。论文的标题为:Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID‐19: results of an open‐label non‐randomized clinical trial。详细报道:100%有效!羟氯喹+阿奇霉素治疗新冠的临床试验在法国取得突破性进展!,不过不久前,该文章作者撤回本稿件(详细:一项表明羟氯喹可有效治疗COVID-19的研究被严重质疑,期刊已展开调查)。

3月29日,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)已对氯喹(chloroquine)和羟氯喹(hydroxychloroquine)发出了紧急使用授权,允许用于新冠肺炎的治疗,这一紧急授权是基于美国纽约一位医生的成功经验,他用羟氯喹治愈了699例新冠肺炎,成功率高达100%!(详细见:FDA紧急授权将羟氯喹和氯喹,用于治疗特定类型的新冠病毒COVID-19感染患者)。

纳德·特朗普总统在新闻发布会上对两种抗疟药物氯喹和羟氯喹甚是吹捧。特朗普在4月5日的新闻发布会上说:"这是一种非常强大的药物,但它不会致人死亡。我们有一些非常好的结果和一些非常好的测试"。一名医生断言,这种药物已被证明是完全安全的,因为它们已经被用于对抗疟疾数十年,并且还被用于驯服狼疮和类风湿关节炎中过度活跃的免疫细胞。

4月8日,一项针对6000多名医生的国际调查发现,羟氯喹是治疗新冠肺炎最受好评的药(详细见:30国,6000+医生新冠肺炎大调查:羟氯喹“最有效”,阿奇霉素排第二)。

纽约州州长Andrew Cuomo反对使用氯喹,在面临越来越大的压力。他禁止药剂师在医院或治疗室以外开具羟氯喹治疗新冠肺炎。美国国立卫生研究院的治疗指南说,没有足够的数据来推荐使用这些药物或反对使用这些药物。他们说,在临床试验之外,患者不应该同时使用羟氯喹和阿奇霉素。布赖特自2010年以来一直在BARDA工作。美国联邦研究人员和疫苗开发专家里克·布赖特(Rick Bright )表示,他在反对美国卫生与公众服务部(HHS)推动使用羟氯喹作为COVID-19的治疗方法后,被解除了在卫生与公众服务部(HHS)的职务。

4月16日预印本网站medRxiv公布的一项巴西临床试验中,81名因新冠住院的患者服用了氯喹和阿奇霉素,在调查结束后停止了用药。结果发现,同时服用这两种药物的小组死亡率更高。大剂量组的心电图(EKG)读数也显示出增加的心律失常风险。进行该试验的研究人员在社交媒体上还受到了死亡威胁,而保守的媒体则谴责他们故意给患者服用高剂量药物。

4月19日JAMA发表综述也介绍了羟氯喹,见:JAMA综述:新冠病毒各类治疗药物进展,包括10款老药新用和3种辅助疗法

然而,4月22日,在美国退伍军人医院的新型冠状病毒COVID-19感染患者中,羟氯喹的大规模使用并无益处。研究人员表示,与标准护理相比,接受羟氯喹治疗的患者死亡人数更多。该研究已发布在研究人员的在线网站上,并已提交给NEJM发表,但尚未经过同行评审。详细见:临床研究证实:羟氯喹治疗新冠病毒COVID-19感染患者无益处且死亡率更高

但是,并没有确凿循证证据表明它们可以治疗COVID-19,人们反而对其副作用的关注度越来越高。

但是,这两种用药都分别显示会增加不同类型的心脏节律异常的风险,如QT间期延长、药物诱发的尖端扭转型室速和心脏性猝死。QT间期通过心电图测量,代表的是心室去极化和复极化过程的总时程。QT间期延长使病人面临心律不齐和心脏性猝死风险。最近报道:Science:联用羟氯喹与阿奇霉素或可有效治疗COVID-19,但心血管死亡风险会增加

2020年4月24日,美国纽约大学Lior Jankelson团队在Nature Medicine杂志上发表通讯文章,发现使用羟氯喹和阿奇霉素治疗的新冠肺炎患者出现了明显的心电图异常,主要是QT间期延长。

研究人员查看了84名口服了羟氯喹和阿奇霉素5天的新冠肺炎患者的心电图,追踪了他们的QT间期。这组患者平均年龄为63岁,74%为男性。病人服药后,通过心电图追踪他们的后续QT间期情况,整体患者的QT间期变长。其中,11%的患者QT间期延长明显(>500ms),这些患者面临着较高的心律不齐和心脏性猝死风险。4名患者死于多器官功能衰竭,无心律不齐证据,也无严重的QT间期延长。

figure1

大部分接受了羟氯喹和阿奇霉素治疗的新冠肺炎患者都出现了QT间期延长,而其它基础疾病和SARS-CoV-2感染的严重程度可能加重了这一情况。研究人员认为,应该持续监测这一类患者的状况,尤其是伴有其它疾病的患者和接受了其它会导致QT间期延长的治疗用药的患者。

当然,这项研究结束,仍然未能结束争议。毕竟这一组患者绝大部分都是老年人(平均年龄63岁),那么,对于年轻患者,没有基础心脏疾病的人群,羟氯喹是否值得使用呢,这个答案也需要更多的循证证据。

梅斯医学小编梳理整个始末过程,可以看出,体外实验的结果,可能很难在人体中得到重复,即使是小样本,非随机的观察性研究,观察到“特效”的效果,也未必是真实的,甚至大部分专家都“相信”羟氯喹是有效的,这也不够。规范的临床试验显得相当有必要。

原始出处:

Chorin, E., Dai, M., Shulman, E. et al. The QT interval in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. Nat Med (2020). http://sci-hub.tw/10.1038/s41591-020-0888-2

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    2020-04-28 xinmeili
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    2020-04-28 智慧医人
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    2020-04-26 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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