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Trends Biotechnol.:体外如何构建人血脑屏障药物筛选模型

2016-05-22 佚名 生物探索

神经药物学的发展需要评估血脑屏障的渗透性和毒性,大家肯定一下子想到了大鼠等动物模型。但是最近的研究强调了在不同物种间血脑屏障的差异:包括了P-糖蛋白的表达、多种药物耐药性相关蛋白、转运蛋白和紧密连接蛋白claudin的重要差异。此外功能研究表明在人和在啮齿类动物中,P-糖蛋白底物的脑药代动力学是不同的。因此在体内研究之前进行初始药物筛选,人的血脑屏障的模型可能是一个重要的平台。这一策略有助于减少药

神经药物学的发展需要评估血脑屏障的渗透性和毒性,大家肯定一下子想到了大鼠等动物模型。但是最近的研究强调了在不同物种间血脑屏障的差异:包括了P-糖蛋白的表达、多种药物耐药性相关蛋白、转运蛋白和紧密连接蛋白claudin的重要差异。此外功能研究表明在人和在啮齿类动物中,P-糖蛋白底物的脑药代动力学是不同的。因此在体内研究之前进行初始药物筛选,人的血脑屏障的模型可能是一个重要的平台。这一策略有助于减少药物开发的费用和临床研究的失败。5月份的Cell旗下子刊Trends in Biotechnology有一篇综述介绍了最近构建人类血脑屏障模型的研究进展,以及它们在药物发现和递送方面的应用。

1
干细胞为基础的人类血脑屏障模型

10多年前的人血脑屏障模型是由人的脑内皮细胞和永生细胞产生的。然而运用这些模型存在几个问题,获得人体组织是有限制的,人脑内皮表型在培养过程中缺失,缺乏重要的紧密连接等等。最近,基于干细胞的新的人血脑屏障模型已经产生,可以克服这些问题。人的多能干细胞(例如造血干/祖细胞、神经前体细胞)是在体外产生人血脑屏障细胞成分的重要来源。因为这些细胞具有分化为人脑内皮细胞的能力,产生大量的血脑屏障细胞构建病理模型。

人类的多能干细胞如胚胎干细胞(hPSCs)以及诱导潜能干细胞(iPSCs)在在研究人类血脑屏障发育和疾病上有着巨大潜能。尤其是iPSCs适合于大量获取和培养。不过iPSCs有着不同的分化属性决定了它们的起始能力。现在还没有iPSCs来源的脑内皮细胞能长时间稳定的详细信息,这可能以后会是药物筛选方面的重要课题。

2
构建人血脑屏障模型的流程和方法

图中显示了不同来源的细胞构建人血脑屏障模型的流程和方法


A 脐带血来源

单个核细胞(MNC)或CD34 +细胞作为脑内皮细胞(EC)源。最近的研究表明MNCs 或CD34+细胞可能是脑内皮细胞的可能来源。这些脑内皮细胞和星形胶质细胞共培养14天或者和周皮细胞共培养6天。两种方法诱导的脑内皮细胞都显示了血脑屏障的特性,紧密连接增加,GLUT-1和 P-gp上调。但是对小分子的跨细胞电阻和通透性不同。

B 诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)作为脑样的内皮细胞的来源

未分化的iPSCs分化成内皮细胞和神经细胞的同时,纯化脑样内皮细胞。当筛选出来的脑样内皮细胞和星形胶质细胞共培养时,内皮细胞表现出较高的跨细胞电阻并形成紧密连接的网络。


C 在体外跨膜实验通常用于评价内皮细胞在与神经细胞共培养时形成的带有通透性的膜的渗透性和电阻。在渗透率的检测中,放射性或者荧光标记的溶液或者纳米颗粒引入到跨膜实验的体外侧,然后体内侧的量通过有效时间来测量。

在体内检测时,放射性标记的溶液被注射入血流,然后渗透到大脑,通过比如正电子发射断层扫描(PET)和单光子发射计算断层扫描(SPECT)来检测。

3
体外血脑屏障模型的展望

目前开发药物跨越血脑屏障的技术和新的探索包括1)现有药物的修饰2)靶向血脑屏障的纳米药物制剂的开发(例如脂质体、纳米粒子聚合物)3)利用分子木马,将包含目标蛋白的特定物质递送给大脑。

尽管这些系统都是有用的,价格低廉且易于使用,但是它们不能够概括血脑屏障3D环境方面比如血流的重要属性。微流系统能够在体外模拟3D结构,剪切应力和细胞的多样性,这样可以得到更可靠的人类血脑屏障模型。此外这些模型能够实时监测渗透率和动态检测跨细胞电阻。

从iPSCs构建的体外血脑屏障模型已经为产生疾病状态的血脑屏障模型提供了机会。由于血脑屏障功能障碍是如神经退行性疾病,中风和创伤性脑损伤,以及炎症的感染过程和疼痛。疾病状态的血脑屏障建模可以帮助做出关于潜在药物候选脑摄入的预测。

在以人类干细胞为血脑屏障模型中对转运蛋白的表达和功能有进一步调查评估的必要性。转运蛋白的表达应当被量化。运用不同药物对人血脑屏障模型中的转运特性的进一步验证是需要的。

原始出处

Aday S1, Cecchelli R2, Hallier-Vanuxeem D3, Dehouck MP3, Ferreira L4.Stem Cell-Based Human Blood-Brain Barrier Models for Drug Discovery and Delivery.Trends Biotechnol. 2016 May

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    2016-11-18 shock_melon
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    2016-09-21 freve
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    2016-05-28 cathymary
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    2017-02-28 sunylz
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  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1679335, encodeId=892816e933517, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=59f58e834a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物筛选#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87834, encryptionId=59f58e834a0, topicName=药物筛选)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c37927754929, createdName=hunizi014, createdTime=Sat Feb 11 14:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1652156, encodeId=4fc21652156b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13d01e24509' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TEC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17245, encryptionId=13d01e24509, topicName=TEC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=852f24292001, createdName=shock_melon, createdTime=Fri Nov 18 15:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1905692, encodeId=54f91905692dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2ebd1e7981a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#trend#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17798, encryptionId=2ebd1e7981a, topicName=trend)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ced3193, createdName=freve, createdTime=Wed Sep 21 07:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1785271, encodeId=a48e1e85271b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51906e79a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ENDS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6779, encryptionId=51906e79a6, topicName=ENDS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=82ba2500166, createdName=ms1467340776200723, createdTime=Sun Sep 11 07:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1927633, encodeId=fb37192e633f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a59234e3b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Biotech#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3473, encryptionId=a59234e3b4, topicName=Biotech)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=226a143, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Sat May 28 16:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1917274, encodeId=25ba191e274a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Tue Feb 28 12:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1262325, encodeId=5bf2126232578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ff3c89946de' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血脑屏障#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89946, encryptionId=ff3c89946de, topicName=血脑屏障)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=68b666, createdName=zhangying8788, createdTime=Tue May 24 05:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1584351, encodeId=de3b1584351c6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bbee5948f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#筛选#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75948, encryptionId=9bbee5948f0, topicName=筛选)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=39da17047364, createdName=ms6747015003810650, createdTime=Tue May 24 05:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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