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Nature:CD4细胞帮助病毒中和抗体进入神经组织

2016-05-31 佚名 生物谷

血液中循环流动的抗体能够进入大部分组织对病原体进行清除。而“免疫豁免“的组织与器官,比如大脑与外周神经系统,则会通过血-脑屏障以及血-神经屏障阻止抗体的进入。然而,在某些情况下抗体能够通过某种方式进入这些组织器官内部发挥免疫效应。为了研究这一现象背后的机制,来自耶鲁大学医学院的Akiko Iwasaki课题组利用生殖期孢疹病毒(HSV)感染模型进行了试验,相关结果发表在最近一期的《nature》杂

血液中循环流动的抗体能够进入大部分组织对病原体进行清除。而“免疫豁免“的组织与器官,比如大脑与外周神经系统,则会通过血-脑屏障以及血-神经屏障阻止抗体的进入。然而,在某些情况下抗体能够通过某种方式进入这些组织器官内部发挥免疫效应。为了研究这一现象背后的机制,来自耶鲁大学医学院的Akiko Iwasaki课题组利用生殖期孢疹病毒(HSV)感染模型进行了试验,相关结果发表在最近一期的《nature》杂志上。

生殖期孢疹病毒主要通过粘膜表皮细胞进入宿主体内,然后感染宿主背根神经节中的神经元细胞。此前研究发现,通过向体内接种“胸苷激酶”基因缺陷型的HSV(TK-)能够产生有效的免疫效应,从而保护机体免受野生型HSV的感染,这一效应依赖于组织特异性记忆T细胞(TRM)的产生。通过向阴道接种TK-能够导致CD4 T细胞产生大量的IFN-gamma,这对于TRM以及免疫效应的产生具有关键的作用,而如果选择其它接种方式,则无法产生TRM,免疫效应也会大打折扣。

在本研究中,作者比较了多种不同的接种TK-的方式,结果显示,鼻腔接种能够产生最为充分的免疫效应,而腹腔注射的免疫效应最弱。此外, 作者证明这种免疫保护效应的产生依赖于B细胞,因为一旦选择B细胞缺陷型小鼠进行感染,则无法产生有效的免疫效应。

之后,作者希望了解这一免疫效应产生背后的机制。他们发现在多种不同的接种方式中,阴道,鼻腔以及腹腔接种均能够产生循环的记忆T细胞,其中阴道接种与鼻腔接种后产生的系统性的HSV-2特异性IgG的水平高于腹腔接种方式,这表明HSV-2的免疫保护与抗体的产生之间确实存在相关性。接下来,作者希望了解这些循环流动的抗体是如何进入背根神经节中的。虽然有血液-神经屏障的存在,但有证据表明神经组织周围的表皮细胞在感染之后新生的FcR能够帮助抗体进入这些区域。为此,作者通过比较野生型小鼠与FcR缺失突变体小鼠在感染TK-之后的免疫反应差异,结果显示FcR的缺失并不影响抗体的进入。

有一种假设认为系统性循环的抗体能够通过被动运输的方式跨越血-神经屏障进入神经组织。作者通过给小鼠鼻腔接种HSV-2特异性的抗体,发现这种处理并不能提高其抵抗野生型HSV感染的能力,这一结果否定了上述假设。另一方面,作者通过给予B细胞缺失突变体小鼠以TK-的免疫刺激,同时向其鼻腔中接种HSV特异性抗体,发现这种处理能够产生有效的抗病毒免疫反应,这说明抗HSV免疫效应的产生依赖于有活性的抗体,但并不依赖产生抗体的B细胞。相反地,如果在接种之前将小鼠体内的CD4 T细胞清除,则能够明显抑制小鼠的抗病毒免疫反应,这说明CD4 T细胞对于抗HSV免疫反应的产生具有关键的作用。

最后,作者发现CD4细胞的缺失能够导致接种TK-之后小鼠神经组织中抗体数量的明显降低,这说明CD4 T细胞能够帮助抗体进入神经组织中。作者猜想记忆CD4 T 细胞可能进入了血脑屏障,然后通过分泌IFN-gamma的方式将抗体一步步“诱导”进入屏障内部。首先,他们发现在接种之后6天左右,神经组织中出现了明显增多的HSV-2特异性CD4 T细胞,其中记忆性CD4 T细胞的数量大于效应CD4 T细胞,而且IFN-gamma大量表达于CD4 T 细胞中。进一步研究发现,记忆性T细胞进入血脑屏障依赖于其表面的粘性分子VLA4以及VCAM1。

原始出处:

Iijima N, Iwasaki A.

Access of protective antiviral antibody to neuronal tissues requires CD4 T-cell help.

Nature. 2016 May 18;533(7604):552-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17979.

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    2017-01-27 qidongfanjian
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    2017-01-27 1e1f9c58m10(暂无匿称)

    希望早点攻破生殖器疱疹

    0

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    2016-11-08 liye789132251
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    2016-05-31 足球疯子

    病毒机制各种各样,多学习

    0

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    2016-05-31 沉心多思

    病毒机制越来越明了

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