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创伤性延迟性额窦脑膜脑膨出并脑脊液鼻漏1例

2020-08-14 冯驰,牟磊,段波 中国临床神经外科杂志

1.病例资料

1.病例资料

男,65岁,因突发鼻腔流液13 d入院。体格检查:神志清楚,双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径2.0 mm,对光反射灵敏;左眼向外侧斜视,无眼震;低头时左侧鼻孔有清凉液体流出;颈软;左下肢截肢后残疾,余肢体肌力肌张力正常。

入院后考虑为自发性脑脊液鼻漏,完善颅脑CT(图1A)、颅脑MRI(图1B)、颅骨CT三维重建(图1C)等检查,可见左侧额窦中有明显等密度占位,左侧筛板明显存在骨质破坏。

详细询问病史,10年前在田地劳作时不慎摔伤致伤头部,当即出现短暂昏迷,意识清醒后未行特殊处理。综合病人病史、临床表现及影像学检查资料,诊断为:脑脊液鼻漏;额窦占位性病变(创伤性脑膜脑膨出?)。完善术前准备后,选择冠状开颅,采用硬膜外-硬膜下联合入路,行左额叶病损切除术。

术中见左侧额窦内板破损缺如,左额叶部分脑组织经破损的筛板进入并填满整个额窦,左侧筛板破损。还纳破入额窦脑组织,并用明胶海绵严密填塞左侧额窦,对破损的额窦内板、脑膜、筛板进行严密修复。术后恢复良好,鼻腔未再有脑脊液流出。复查颅脑CT示左侧额窦内无占位(图1D)。术后病理检查结果为正常脑组织。1周后治愈出院。


2.讨论

脑膜脑膨出是一类以脑膜及脑组织经颅底缺损膨出为特征的疾病,可分为先天性、外伤性、自发性,其中外伤性及自发性少见,而外伤性脑膜脑膨出并脑脊液鼻漏更少见。以往报道,外伤性脑膜脑膨出的膨出部位主要在鼻腔和蝶窦。脑脊液鼻漏可与脑膜脑膨出同时发生。筛骨筛板和额窦后壁骨板菲薄,并与硬脑膜粘连紧密。外伤时,若骨板与硬脑膜同时破裂,则发生脑脊液鼻漏。

本文病例术前外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的诊断明确,但左额窦占位的性质无法明确,不能排除肿瘤破坏筛板可能。在手术方式上,选择经典的冠状开颅硬膜外-硬膜下联合入路,原因是:额窦后壁缺损,单一巨大漏口,便于取得肌肉组织重建颅底。术中采用筋膜-肌肉-筋膜法的“三明治”技术进行鞍底重建,术后未再发脑脊液鼻漏,治愈出院。外伤性迟发性额窦脑膜脑膨出并脑脊液鼻漏罕见,因此,诊断较为困难。本文病例治疗过程中,我们在明确脑脊液漏诊断后,结合影像学检查,确定脑脊液漏口,治疗方式的选择主要基于三点:存在脑脊液鼻漏;额窦占位性质不明;颅底存在瘘口。手术对破损的颅底瘘口进行修补,治愈脑脊液漏,同时病理检查证实脑膜脑膨出的诊断。

原始出处:

冯驰,牟磊,段波.创伤性延迟性额窦脑膜脑膨出并脑脊液鼻漏1例[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2019(07):447.

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