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诺奖季! 盘点近10年生理学或医学奖产业化情况

2017-10-01 Gan 生物探索

生理学或医学奖将在北京时间10月2日17:30公布。蹭着热度,小编为大家盘点了该领域近10年来的产业化情况。

生理学或医学奖将在北京时间10月2日17:30公布。蹭着热度,小编为大家盘点了该领域近10年来的产业化情况。

2016细胞自噬

2016年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了日本科学家大隅良典(Yoshinori Ohsumi),获奖理由是“发现了细胞自噬机制。”

尽管人类认知自体吞噬过程已经超过50年了,但自20世纪90年代研究者大隅良典发现自噬作用后,其在生理学和医学研究中的关键角色和作用才被发现。自噬能够消灭外来入侵的细菌和病毒,对胚胎发育和细胞分化也很关键,自噬基因的突变会引发多种疾病发生。

这项成果目前在产业方面的应用前景主要包括:帕金森疾病、2型糖尿病、癌症及衰老等领域。相关研究正在紧密展开中,以期开发相关靶标自噬药物,治疗多种疾病。

2015寄生虫疾病

2015年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了爱尔兰科学家威廉·坎贝尔、日本科学家大村智和中国药学家屠呦呦。

这其中,一半共同授予威廉·坎贝尔和大村智,以表彰他们发现针对蛔虫感染的新疗法(伊维菌素和阿维菌素的发现);另一半则授予屠呦呦,以表彰她发现针对疟疾的新疗法(青蒿素的发现)。

如今,伊维菌素广泛被用于牛、羊、马、猪的胃肠道线虫、肺线虫和寄生节肢动物,犬的肠道线虫,耳螨、疥螨、心丝虫和微丝蚴以及家禽胃肠线虫和体外寄生虫的预防和治疗;阿维菌素则被广泛作为农用或兽用杀菌、杀虫、杀螨剂;青篙素被开发成治疗肿瘤、黑热病、红斑狼疮等疾病的衍生新药,并正在探索其治疗艾滋病、恶性肿瘤、利氏曼、血吸虫、涤虫、弓形虫等疾病以及戒毒的新用途。

2014大脑GPS

2014年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了美国及挪威三位科学家约翰·欧基夫、迈-布里特·莫泽和爱德华·莫索尔获奖。获奖理由是“发现构成大脑定位系统的细胞”。他们发现,大鼠海马区形成的回路在大脑中构成了一个广泛的定位系统——大脑GPS。

这一研究促进了脑成像系统的进展,以及阿尔茨海默症等神经疾病的治疗提供了新思路,为理解记忆、思考、计划等认知过程,开辟了新的途径。

2013细胞囊泡运输调控机制

2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了美国科学家詹姆斯-E. 罗斯曼和兰迪- W. 谢克曼、德国科学家托马斯- C. 苏德霍夫,以表彰他们发现细胞内部囊泡运输调控机制。

该研究揭示了“囊泡”周围细胞货物如何在正确的时间被运送到正确的细胞靶点。如果没有囊泡这个精确而奇妙的组织,细胞会陷入一片混乱,患者的囊泡转运都出现缺陷,从而会导致上述疾病。

目前,该研究被运用于神经系统疾病、糖尿病免疫疾病等疾病的病程生理调控。

2012体细胞重编程技术

2012年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了英国科学家约翰·格登和日本医学教授山中伸弥 ,以表彰他们在“体细胞重编程技术”领域做出的革命性贡献。其中,山中伸弥利用基因技术,通过对小鼠的成熟细胞重编程,诱导成功具有分化能力的诱导多能干细胞

这项技术的价值在于建立长期稳定传代的患者特异细胞系,用以进行个体化药物筛选;以及将从患者体细胞获得的干细胞作为细胞治疗的材料,在疾病模拟、药物筛选和细胞治疗中有着巨大的应用前景,被人们视为细胞疗法的新希望。

2011免疫系统激活的关键原理

2011年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖一半归于布鲁斯·巴特勒和朱尔斯·霍夫曼,理由是“先天免疫激活方面的发现”;另一半归于拉尔夫·斯坦曼,理由是“发现树枝状细胞及其在获得性免疫中的作用”。

免疫系统是人体和动物健康“防线”,用以抵御细菌和其他微生物。他们发现了免疫系统激活的关键原理,从而彻底革新了我们对免疫系统的认识。通过驱使人体自身细胞和免疫进程,有望阻止传染病、自体免疫紊乱、过敏、癌症和器官移植排异,譬如开发癌症治疗疫苗。

2010试管婴儿技术

2010年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了被誉为“试管婴儿之父”的英国科学家罗伯特·爱德华兹,因其“在试管受精技术方面的发展”。

罗伯特·爱德华兹让治疗不育症成为可能,全球超过10%的夫妇因此获益匪浅。1978年7月25日,世界上第一例试管婴儿的诞生,就是对爱德华兹的不懈努力的最好表彰。他的贡献代表着现代医学史上的又一座里程碑。

如今,试管婴儿技术不断创新,从一代试管婴儿、二代试管婴儿迈向三代试管婴儿,造福千万家庭。

2009端粒和端粒酶保护染色体

2009年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了美国加利福尼亚旧金山大学 的伊丽莎白 · 布莱克本 、美国巴尔 的摩约翰·霍普金医学院的卡罗尔-格雷德、美国哈佛 医学院的杰克 · 绍斯塔克 ,以表彰他们发现了端粒和端粒酶保护染色体的机理。

他们解决了生物学的一个重大问题:在细胞分裂时染色体如何完整地自我复制 以及染色体如何受到保护以免于退化。解决办法存在于染色体末端—端粒 ,以及形成端粒的酶—端粒酶 。

这项细胞基本机制的发现,提高了人们对于细胞的理解的深度,阐明了疾病机制,有助于新兴治疗措施的发展,尤其是在抗衰老和抗癌方面的疗法开发。

2008HPV和HIV病毒的发现

2008年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了发现给发现宫颈癌的人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)的德国科学家Harald zur Hausen以及发现艾滋病病毒(HIV)的法国科学家Fran?oise Barré-Sinoussi和Luc Montagnier。

HPV病毒的发现是进行疫苗研究的基础,为人类攻克宫颈癌提供了更为明确的“靶点”,如今科学家们在这一基础上研制出宫颈癌疫苗,这不仅是为全球女性送上的一份“科学礼物”,也对今后人类防治其他癌症具有重要借鉴意义。目前,全球共有3种HPV疫苗上市,分别是二价、四价和九价。

正是因为HIV病毒的发现,才开发出了用于诊断艾滋病的血液检查新方法和试剂,并开发出抗HIV病毒的药物,进而极大延长了艾滋病患者的生存期。

2007利用胚胎干细胞引入“基因打靶”技术

2007年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了在“小鼠基因打靶”技术研究的三位科学家,美国犹他大学Eccles人类遗传学研究所科学家Mario R. Capecchi 、美国北卡罗来纳州大学教会山分校医学院教授Oliver Smithies 与英国科学家卡迪夫大学卡迪夫生命科学学院Martin J. Evans因在胚胎干细胞和哺乳动物的DNA重组方面的开创性成绩而获奖。

这项在老鼠身上进行的“基因打靶”技术,极大地影响了人类对疾病的认识,已被广泛应用在几乎所有生物医学领域。

科学家几乎能实现所有小鼠基因的敲除,构建许多不同类型的人类疾病小鼠模型,为心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌症、囊肿性纤维化等疾病的对症下药提供了证据。

以上就是近10年来诺贝尔生理学或医学奖在临床应用中的进展。今年的桂冠即将揭晓,它将会花落谁家呢?让我们拭目以待。

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    2018-07-07 cnxcy
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    2017-10-04 半夏微凉

    阅读了谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-10-01 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享.有点意思

    0

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