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Eur Heart J:高血压患者中线粒体损伤机制及治疗进展

2014-12-08 MedSci MedSci原创译

高血压是一种慢性疾病,在全球范围内将近有10亿人受到其影响,并且,其影响的深度还呈逐渐升高的趋势。血压升高,对于心脏和其他器官有着远期的伤害,主要在于其并发症的发生。 高血压患者心肌线粒体很容易受到损伤,主要是线粒体结构,生物功能和稳态的改变。线粒体是细胞的主要供能者,大量分布于心、肾、脑,以及高血压患者主要靶器官的实质细胞中。这些膜结合细胞器不仅维持细胞呼吸,还包括调节细胞增殖、凋亡,产生活性

高血压是一种慢性疾病,在全球范围内将近有10亿人受到其影响,并且,其影响的深度还呈逐渐升高的趋势。血压升高,对于心脏和其他器官有着远期的伤害,主要在于其并发症的发生。

高血压患者心肌线粒体很容易受到损伤,主要是线粒体结构,生物功能和稳态的改变。线粒体是细胞的主要供能者,大量分布于心、肾、脑,以及高血压患者主要靶器官的实质细胞中。这些膜结合细胞器不仅维持细胞呼吸,还包括调节细胞增殖、凋亡,产生活性氧,和维持细胞内钙稳态等多种功能。因此线粒体损害和功能障碍会累及整个细胞的功能。

在这篇综述中,我们总结了高血压中心肌细胞线粒体损伤的证据,以及在高血压患者中将线粒体治疗作为潜在治疗靶点。

一、线粒体畸形和功能异常特征以及机制

高血压引起的线粒体结构改变包括:线粒体数量、密度改变,线粒体肿胀,线粒体嵴重塑、破碎或丢失。高血压主要影响心磷脂——一种在线粒体膜上特有的磷脂,在线粒体嵴的形成中起到了重要的作用。对高血压动物的线粒体染色,横截面观察到心磷脂减少(如图1)[1]。

图1.荧光染色显示心磷脂(40X)减少——肾血管性高血压猪动物模型中

高血压引起的线粒体功能异常也常常与线粒体代谢和生物能量学改变有关,包括线粒体呼吸,ATP合成减少以及活性氧生成增加。而线粒体稳态的改变,往往牵扯3方面的因素:线粒体的生物发生,动力学和自噬降解。

二、实验性高血压中心肌线粒体损伤:

从很多研究中收集到高血压实验模型中线粒体损伤主要如表1。


 
表1.高血压模型中心肌线粒体损伤证据

同时,研究也证实了高血压导致的线粒体结构和功能障碍主要包括生物合成和线粒体动力学改变,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统诱导的线粒体损伤,活性氧高度表达,线粒体凋亡以及mtDNA突变(图2)。


 
图2.疾病进展中线粒体介导的机制


三、线粒体损伤诱导其余器官损伤

线粒体异常和功能障碍在高血压患者其余主要靶器官中也有着关键的病理机制。对眼睛、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、神经系统、骨骼肌、胰腺、外周血管都有影响。主要如图2所示:


 
图2. 线粒体损害和功能失调对器官的病理条件。

四、减少在高血压进程中线粒体损害的治疗的手段 :

高血压患者使用抗高血压药物首要是治疗高血压,其次才有减少线粒体损伤的疗效。目前,减少高血压致线粒体损伤的方案有两种,一是使用抗高血压药,二是使用线粒体靶向治疗

1.抗高血压药:主要是肾素血管紧张素RAAS抑制剂,在降低血压的同时,也显示了其线粒体保护作用。比如依那普利能够保护心肌组织和线粒体功能,提示RAAS在线粒体中的直接作用[2]。显示了RAAS 抑制剂对高血压诱导线粒体改变有保护作用。

2.线粒体靶点治疗:抗氧化剂作为新的细胞渗透性化合物,通过阻止线粒体氧化损伤来达到治疗目的。在实验模型中,辅酶衍生物MitoQ能够减少脂质氧化和线粒体损伤。有研究显示MitoQ能够减少细胞凋亡,降低血压,保护内皮细胞等功能。同时,论文也介绍了mPTP抑制剂和Bendavia,它们也具有减少高血压对线粒体的损伤的作用。

总结:

高血压实验模型数据显示高血压及其靶器官损伤进程中存在线粒体损伤。线粒体损伤在高血压进程中的联系以及临床意义仍有待考证。肾素血管紧张素抑制剂对高血压模型中的线粒体损伤有直接作用。新的治疗方案也显示,靶向治疗对线粒体结构和功能保护作用在高血压实验中显示良好的疗效。其缓解症状和并发症的疗效仍需进一步实验和临床研究。

相关文献:

[1]. Piotrkowski B, Koch OR, De Cavanagh EM, Fraga CG. Cardiac mitochondrial function and tissue remodelling are improved by a non-antihypertensive dose of enalapril in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Free Radic Res2009;43:390 –399

原始出处:

Eirin A, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Mitochondrial injury and dysfunction in hypertension-induced cardiac damage. European heart journal. 2014 Nov 10;
PMID: 25385092

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    2014-12-13 cbp

    高血压实验模型及选题思路挺好的

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    2014-12-10 智智灵药
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复旦大学今天宣布,该校医学神经生物学国家重点实验室沙红英、朱剑虹课题组,联合安徽医科大学曹云霞教授团队等,在探索遗传性线粒体疾病治疗研究方面取得突破性进展。相关研究论文日前发表于《细胞》。 据专家介绍,线粒体是为细胞提供能量的细胞器,它具有自身的一套DNA(mtDNA),通过母亲的卵子传递给下一代。发生在卵子中的线粒体突变可能引起母系家族性疾病。这种突变会导致严重的问题,受影响的大多数是能量需求

曾庆平:二甲双胍,为何能成为长寿灵丹?

二甲双胍(metformin)是著名的降糖药,主要用来治疗2型糖尿病,但它对非酒精性脂肪肝病及癌症等多种人类疾病也有潜在治疗效果。更神奇的是,二甲双胍像热量限制一样能够延长生物的寿命,这已在线虫、大鼠和小鼠中得到证实。如此说来,二甲双胍堪称“神药”、“仙丹”! 6月2日,Science Daily网站报道了《美国科学院院报》(PNAS)刚刚在线发表的一篇最新论文,揭示二甲双胍通过“线粒体低毒

J Virol:线粒体蛋白TSPO抑制HIV囊膜蛋白合成

中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所郑永辉研究团队近日在国际病毒学权威期刊上发表了有关抑制艾滋病病毒囊膜蛋白合成的新途径的论文,为抗艾滋病疫苗及药物研制提供了新思路。郑永辉研究团队的研究结果能够为解释艾滋病病毒囊膜蛋白不能高效表达机制提供线索,而且阐明了一种新型的抗病毒机制。艾滋病疫苗的研制是一个世界性难题,至今仍没有成功。其难点之一就是艾滋病病毒的囊膜蛋白在哺乳动物细胞中很难得到高效表达。早在上个世纪

PLoS One:线粒体其实是寄生细菌?

细胞中的线粒体其实是一种细菌 据国外媒体报道,目前,美国弗吉尼亚大学最新一项研究表明,首次发现早期寄生细菌可以对动物和植物提供能量,在细胞中作为能量寄生虫存在,对寄居体十分有益。研究人员使用新一代DNA序列技术解码18种细菌基因组,这些细菌是线粒体的近亲生物。 该研究报告发表在近期出版的《公共科学图书馆·综合》杂志上,它为简单细菌细胞如何被宿主细胞吞噬和最终成为线粒体的两个

Nature:机体如何选择性对抗病原菌

对于正在接受治疗的癌症和其他疾病患者来说,细菌感染可引起一些主要问题。在住院期间问题尤为严重,因为此时患者的免疫功能往往变弱。 更复杂的是,缓解或防止感染的抗生素,可能对生活在体内的健康有益菌(主要在肠道内)产生负面影响。如果微生物群——意指栖居于体内的所有微生物——失去平衡,就会使有害细菌处于支配地位,并产生抗生素耐药菌株。 鉴于此,对于澄清“身体如何对抗病原菌而不消灭良性细菌”

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