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Personality and Individual Differences:自恋源于缺乏安全感,而非自我膨胀,是一种变相自欺欺人

2021-03-28 王聪 “生物世界”公众号

自恋(Narcissism)这个词源自一个希腊神话,纳西索斯(Narcissus)是希腊神话中最俊美的男子,有一天纳西索斯在水中发现了自己的影子,然而却不知那就是他本人,爱慕不已、难以自拔,终于有一天

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110780自恋(Narcissism)这个词源自一个希腊神话,纳西索斯(Narcissus)是希腊神话中最俊美的男子,有一天纳西索斯在水中发现了自己的影子,然而却不知那就是他本人,爱慕不已、难以自拔,终于有一天他赴水求欢溺水死亡。

长期以来,人们不清楚为什么自恋者会进行令人不快的行为,例如过分自我和过分关心自己的完美,在社交媒体时代,这些现象变得更加普遍和突出,这种行为也被称之为“炫耀”(flexing)。相信大家也都在朋友圈、微博等平台看到过大量炫富、炫美照片。

近日,美国纽约大学心理学系和神经科学中心的研究人员在 Personality and Individual Differences 期刊发表了题为:Narcissism through the lens of performative self-elevation 的研究论文。

这项新研究发现,自恋是由不安全感所驱动,而非自我膨胀感。自恋行为只是他们应对自己不安全感的一种的方法。

这项研究表明,自恋从根本上被误解了,自恋不是自爱,而是一种变相的自欺欺人。自恋可以更好地理解为一种克服和掩盖自我价值低下的补偿性适应措施。从长远来看,这种自恋行为使得跟自己类似的人更少了,进一步加剧了他们的不安全感,从而导致炫耀行为的恶性循环。

自恋型人格障碍(NPD),其概念是过度自恋,由两个亚型组成,即自大型自恋和脆弱型自恋。这两者都表现出自负、自我沉醉和无视他人的特点,但是自大型自恋更加外向、有攻击性,追求他人的敬仰和尊重,而脆弱型自恋却表现为内向、过于敏感、自我防御和焦虑情绪。自恋型人格障碍群体中大部分是男性,这或许对应了杨笠所说的“那么普通,却那么自信”?

研究团队对招募而来的近300名参与者进行了调查,这些参与者中大约60%为女性,40%为男性,中位年龄为20岁,让他们通过电脑线上回答了151个问题。

研究团队通过一个表演型自我提升量表(FLEX)来评估自恋相关的行为,FLEX捕获了不安全驱动的自我概念,这些自我概念表现为印象管理,从而导致自我提升的趋势。

FLEX由四个部分组成:印象管理(如果有机会,我很可能会炫耀),社会认同的需要(我在重要事件中起到重要作用),自我提升(我有精致的品味)和社交主导地位(我喜欢比其他人懂得更多)。

结果表明,FLEX与自恋之间存在高度相关性,但与精神疾病无关。例如,对社会认同的需求与进行表演型自我提升的趋势相关。

这些发现表明,真正的自恋者是缺乏安全感的,最好用脆弱型自恋亚型来描述,而自大型自恋者可能更应该被理解为精神疾病的一种表现。

研究团队表示,自恋从根本上被误解了,自恋不是自爱,而是一种变相的自欺欺人。自恋可以更好地理解为一种克服和掩盖自我价值低下的补偿性适应措施。

原始出处:

MaryKowalchyk, et al. Narcissism through the lens of performative self-elevation. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 177, July 2021, 110780.

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    2021-08-09 anminleiryan
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    2021-07-18 feather89
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    2022-02-03 isabellayj
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    2021-03-29 xiaogang319

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