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GW-ICC2017︱施仲伟:老年高血压的治疗经验

2017-10-16 佚名 国际循环

随着社会发展及人口老龄化,老年高血压诊治逐渐受到临床医生的关注。老年高血压患者及降压目标等诊治策略是否与其他类型高血压存在差异?本届GW-ICC 2017的老年心血管病论坛上,来自上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院心脏科的施仲伟教授作了专题解析,与众多参会的专家学者分享了老年高血压的临床诊治经验。

随着社会发展及人口老龄化,老年高血压诊治逐渐受到临床医生的关注。老年高血压患者及降压目标等诊治策略是否与其他类型高血压存在差异?本届GW-ICC 2017的老年心血管病论坛上,来自上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院心脏科的施仲伟教授作了专题解析,与众多参会的专家学者分享了老年高血压的临床诊治经验。

老年高血压之临床背景

我国已进入老龄化社会。据统计,2015年我国60岁及以上人口达2.22亿,占总人口的16.15%。预计到2020年,老年人口将达到2.48亿,其中80岁以上老年人口3067万人。随着年龄的增长,高血压的患病率不断增高,我国60岁及以上老年人群的高血压患病率近50%,80岁以上的高龄老人70%~90%患高血压。即便是那些血压正常的老年人,仍有极高的高血压余生危险:根据美国Framingham心脏研究结果,一位65岁的正常血压老年人(不论男女),到85岁时有90%的概率成为高血压患者。

高血压是老年人心脑血管疾病发病和死亡的最重要的危险因素。老年人高血压在发病、临床表现、诊断及治疗等方面与非老年人不同,主要特点为:第一,收缩压增高、舒张压不高甚至偏低,表现为单纯收缩期高血压、脉压增大;第二,血压变异性大、容易波动,表现为清晨高血压增多、高血压合并体位性低血压和餐后低血压患者增多、血压昼夜节律异常、白大衣性高血压和隐匿性高血压的发生率增高。这些情况,常导致老年患者的降压治疗困难、治疗过度或治疗不足;第三,假性高血压增多,是动脉顺应性下降和动脉僵硬度增高结果;第四,常与多种疾病并存,如冠心病、脑血管疾病(特别是卒中发生率高于西方人群)、心力衰竭、肾衰竭、糖尿病等,多数患者因为并存疾病已使用多种药物;第五,血压达标难,难治性高血压的比率高,老年患者的收缩压常常难以降至<140 mm Hg。

老年高血压之诊断标准

老年人的高血压诊断标准与非老年人相同,即收缩压≥140 mm Hg和(或)舒张压≥140 mm Hg。老年高血压治疗目标也与非老年人相同,即最大限度地降低心血管并发症及发生死亡的危险,需要干预所有可逆性心血管危险因素、亚临床靶器官损害以及各种并存的临床疾病。然而,老年高血压患者的降压药物选择则与非老年人有所不同。对于无并发症的老年高血压患者,尤其是老年单纯收缩期高血压患者,优选药物是二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂(CCB)和噻嗪类利尿剂。因为,既往治疗老年高血压患者的大型随机临床试验,大多数均采用这两大类药物,并证实以这两类药物为基础的降压方案能显着降低老年高血压患者的卒中风险、主要心血管病事件和死亡率。近年来,越来越多的专家认为,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)也可作为无并发症老年高血压患者的首选降压药物。

值得指出,老年患者的心血管病风险明显增高,通过降压治疗所能得到的绝对获益程度高于中青年患者,高龄老人绝对获益可能更大。因此,对于老年高血压患者,应采取积极降压的态度。

老年高血压之控制目标

针对其降压目标一直存在争论。过去30多年中,各国指南受美国高血压指南的影响,曾经逐步下调降压治疗的血压目标值。美国最早提出高血压管理的理念,并且由美国心肺血液研究院(NHLBI)于1977年协调数十个学术团体和政府部门,推出冠名为全国联合委员会(JNC)的第1版高血压指南(JNC 1)。以后该指南每隔几年进行修订,形成著名的JNC系列,至2003年发表第7版指南(JNC 7)。JNC 7推荐所有高血压患者都应把血压降至<140/90 mm Hg,糖尿病或慢性肾病患者<130/80 mm Hg。

2008年NHLBI启动第8版指南(JNC 8)的撰写工作,其中将老年高血压患者血压目标值的推荐上调,其循征依据是:第一,多项随机对照试验证实血压降至<150/90 mm Hg能减少卒中、心力衰竭和冠心病事件;第二,随机对照试验显示收缩压降至<140 mm Hg不能更多获益。此外,有一条补充推荐意见:如果使用降压药物后收缩压降至<140 mm Hg而患者耐受良好,则无需调整治疗方案(专家意见,证据水平E)。事实上,其他国家的一些指南也持相似的观点。例如,2013年版欧洲高血压指南有以下两条推荐:第一,在收缩压≥160 mm Hg的老年高血压患者中,有充分证据推荐收缩压降至150~140 mm Hg(Ⅰ级推荐,证据水平A);第二,对80岁以下健康老年患者,或可考虑降压治疗起始于SBP ≥140 mm Hg,并在患者良好耐受的前提下降至<140 mm Hg(Ⅱb级推荐,证据水平C)。我国2010版高血压指南也推荐老年高血压患者血压降至150/90 mm Hg以下,如能耐受可降至140/90 mm Hg以下。

此外,收缩期血压干预试验(SPRINT)结果显示,强化组患者的主要心血管病事件发生率和全因死亡率均显着低于常规组,≥75岁的老年人亚组获益特别显着。此后,加拿大高血压指南直接推荐对75岁以上老人考虑收缩压降至≤120 mm Hg。然而,SPRINT试验采用的血压测量方法与其他临床试验不同,即诊室无人自动测压技术。这种技术能避免白大衣效应,所得到的血压测值明显低于常规诊室血压测值。一项针对353例高血压患者的研究提示,无人自动测压技术所测量的收缩压平均数值要比常规诊室测值低15.7 mm Hg。如果校正这一差别,则SPRINT试验强化组和常规组的治疗后平均诊室收缩压分别为136和151 mm Hg。如此一来,常规组等于没有接受降压治疗,强化组也只是将收缩压降至<140 mm Hg。因此,SPRINT试验的临床意义或许只是再一次证实收缩压降至<140 mm Hg能减少主要心血管病事件。

老年高血压之综合策略

当前的临床实践仍采用常规方法在诊室测量血压。老年高血压患者的降压治疗应积极而又谨慎。治疗原则是争取收缩压达标,同时避免过度降低,同时在患者能耐受降压治疗的前提下,逐步降压达标,并避免过快降压。具体做法是:第一,开始药物治疗前,应综合考虑患者的健康状况、并存疾病、多重用药风险以及依从性;治疗过程中,应密切监测血压和耐受性,及时调整治疗方案。第二,大多数老年高血压患者宜使用小剂量单药作为初始治疗,必要时再考虑小剂量联合用药。在没有急性靶器官损害证据情况下,即使收缩压较高,也不推荐舌下含服短效硝苯地平等做法。第三,收缩压≥160 mm Hg的老年高血压患者,血压目标是收缩压降至140~150 mm Hg。第四,收缩压140~150 mm Hg的<80岁老年高血压患者,如果健康状态良好、降压容易且能良好耐受,可考虑收缩压降至<140 mm Hg。第五,明显衰弱的老年高血压患者,尤其高龄患者,应治疗各种并存疾病,努力改善生活质量,不轻易使用降压药物。第六,个体化治疗,多与患者及其家属沟通,鼓励其共同参与治疗决策。

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    2017-10-18 zhs3884
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    2017-10-18 chenwq12
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    2017-10-17 焦裕峰

    学习了

    0

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    2017-10-16 南医大小焦

    学习

    0

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    2017-10-16 183****7028

    学习

    0

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