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中西医结合救治急性药物性肝衰竭患者1例

2019-04-17 程红杰 欧晓娟 张巧妍 中国中西医结合消化杂志

患者,男,42岁,主因发现小便浓茶色20余天,加重伴皮肤及巩膜黄染6d于2017年10月16日入院。患者于20余天前无明显诱因出现小便浓茶色,自诉全身肤色及巩膜无明显黄染,未予重视。10余天前因发热,自行服用对“对乙酰氨基酚、安乃近”等药物,经治疗后热退。6d前突然出现皮肤及巩膜黄染,伴纳差不思饮食,先后到其他医院急诊就诊,予对症保肝、退黄、抗感染等治疗,因病情危重及经济问题等原因最终周转至我院。

患者,男,42岁,主因发现小便浓茶色20余天,加重伴皮肤及巩膜黄染6d于2017年10月16日入院。患者于20余天前无明显诱因出现小便浓茶色,自诉全身肤色及巩膜无明显黄染,未予重视。10余天前因发热,自行服用对“对乙酰氨基酚、安乃近”等药物,经治疗后热退。6d前突然出现皮肤及巩膜黄染,伴纳差不思饮食,先后到其他医院急诊就诊,予对症保肝、退黄、抗感染等治疗,因病情危重及经济问题等原因最终周转至我院。

入院症状见:躁动不安,全身皮肤及巩膜重度黄染,伴反酸烧心,无恶心呕吐,无恶寒发热,纳呆,眠差,小便呈浓茶色,大便日一行。

体检:T35.0℃,P80次/min,R20次/min,BP140/80mmHg(1mmHg=133.3kPa)神清,精神弱,定向力障碍。全身皮肤、巩膜重度黄染。心、肺、腹(-)。双下肢无水肿。神经系统生理反射存在,病理征(-)。舌红绛苔白厚腻,脉细滑。入院后辅助检查:乙肝表面抗体、e抗体、核心抗体均阳性,HBV-DNA阴性,甲肝、丙肝、戊肝抗体、乙肝表面抗原及e抗原均阴性,自身免疫性肝病抗体均阴性,免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM、IgA)、补体C3、C4均未见明显异常,巨细胞病毒DNA(-),EB病毒DNA(-),PCT0.05ng/L,CRP17.79mg/L。腹盆腔增强CT:慢性胆囊炎;胆囊窝积液;胰尾增粗。肝功:谷草转氨酶(AST)94U/L,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)647U/L,总胆红素(TBIL)215.0μmol/L,直接胆红素(DBIL)119.5μmol/L,总蛋白(TP)51.0g/L,白蛋白(ALB)28.2g/L,总胆汁酸(TAB)211.8μmol/L,碱性磷酸酶(PLT)185U/L,谷酰转肽酶(GGT)211U/L。凝血:凝血酶原活动度(PTA)3%,凝血酶原时间(PT)79.2s,国际标准化比值(PT-INR)6.78,凝血酶时间(TT)20.4s,活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)77.6s,纤维蛋白原浓度(Fbg)1.65g/L。

中医诊断:黄疸阳黄肝胆湿热。

西医诊断:药物性肝炎急性肝衰竭。西医治疗方面,入院后予紧急输入新鲜冰冻血浆400ml以补充凝血因子,改善凝血功能;并积极予还原型谷胱甘肽、甘草酸苷、水飞蓟宾葡甲胺片保肝治疗,双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊调节肠道菌群,谷氨酸清除血氨、改善肝性脑病,醒脑静开窍醒神,口服乳果糖等保持大便通畅、清除血氨等有毒物质等治疗。经治疗后患者定向力基本恢复正常,ALT、AST等指标缓慢下降,凝血逐渐恢复正常,但是胆红素仍然呈上升趋势。予加用熊去氧胆酸250mg,qid、丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸1g,qd,利胆治疗。

中医治疗,入院后为保持患者大便通畅,促进毒素自肠道排出,予中药灌肠治疗,处方:生大黄50g,当归30g,枳实30g,厚朴30g,赤芍30g,红花10g。7剂,水煎200ml,每日1次,灌肠。

入院9d后患者转氨酶较前下降,但是黄疸仍未消退,且仍自觉乏力、纳差,眠可,小便可,大便偏干,舌红绛苔中部厚腻,脉细滑。故加用中药清热利胆退黄中药口服,处方:茵陈15g,生栀子15g,生大黄10g,黄柏10g,柴胡15g,党参20g,茯苓30g,红枣10g,赤芍20g,丹参20g,丹皮10g,泽泻10g,甘草10g。7剂,水煎200ml,早晚分服。服用后患者胆红素逐渐下降,乏力、纳差等症状较前好转,效不更方,继续上方服用5剂。入院21d后患者复查胆红素指标较前明显下降,自诉小便颜色较前变浅,乏力明显好转,舌淡苔薄白,脉细。上方去生大黄、黄柏、柴胡、丹皮、泽泻、红枣,将茵陈、生栀子加量,并加白术、炒扁豆、山药、炒薏米等扶正祛邪,处方:茵陈15g,生栀子15g,丹参20g,赤芍20g,党参20g,茯苓30g,白术15g,炒扁豆20g,山药20g,炒薏米15g,甘草10g。7剂,水煎200ml,早晚分服。

患者住院29d后PTA升高至84.6%,ALT、AST等指标明显降低,准予其出院。并嘱其出院后继续水飞蓟宾葡甲胺片、熊去氧胆酸等药物。随访3个月后肝功能、凝血基本正常,停用保肝、利胆药物。随访至今,患者一般状况良好。

讨论

患者既往无肝病病史,实验室检查结果也可排除病毒性肝炎、自身免疫性肝病、其他病毒感染等因素,个人生活史可排除酒精性肝病等原因。患者发病前因发热而服用大量解热镇痛药物而出现肝功能异常、黄疸、凝血功能障碍、肝性脑病,符合肝衰竭的诊断标准。

根据本患者实验室检查及临床表现,该患者属于胆汁淤积型药物性肝损伤。熊去氧胆酸(UD-CA)是治疗胆汁淤积型肝硬化的药物之一,本患者虽无肝硬化,但是胆汁淤积严重,予加用UDCA治疗患者胆汁淤积。根据本患者的体重计算,按照15mg/(kg·d)的标准予患者口服后患者的胆红素较前明显下降。在积极西医治疗的同时,中医疗法在本患者的治疗过程中发挥着重要的作用。本患者以目黄、身黄、小便黄为首发症状,属于中医黄疸的范畴。《医学入门》中记载“肝与大肠相通”,所以治肝病宜疏通大肠。所以治疗过程中,予中药灌肠治疗,保持大便通畅。研究显示大黄、赤芍、厚朴、枳实等清热、泻下药、活血化瘀的药物在治疗肝衰竭的中药灌肠药物使用频率最高。在本例患者中予大黄、厚朴、枳实等药物泻下通便以助邪毒排出,同时予当归、赤芍、红花活血化瘀。

经保肝治疗后肝细胞损伤慢慢恢复,转氨酶逐渐下降,此时黄疸仍然不退,予加用中药辨证论治,保肝退黄治疗。《金匮要略·黄疸病脉证并治》曰“黄家所得,从湿得之”,可见湿邪是本病的主要致病邪气之一,湿邪阻滞中焦,损伤脾运化功能,从而使痰湿内生,郁而化热,湿热内盛,交蒸于肝胆,肝失疏泄,胆汁外溢,浸渍皮肤,故肤色黄;下注膀胱,故小便黄;上蒸头目,故见白晶黄染。《景岳全书·黄疸》曰“阳黄证多以脾湿不流,郁热所致,必须清火邪,利小水,火清则溺自清,溺清则黄自退。”在本病治疗过程中本着急则治其标的原则予清利肝胆湿热、利湿退黄为原则。以茵陈蒿汤合栀子柏皮汤加减。《伤寒论》记载“伤寒七八日,身黄如橘子色,小便不利,腹微满者,茵陈蒿汤主之”、“伤寒身黄发热,栀子柏皮汤主之”。此二方均可用来治疗黄疸之阳黄之证。故方中大黄、栀子、黄柏、茵陈苦寒清热燥湿;同时栀子、茵陈、泽泻利小便,使黄从小便而解;柴胡疏肝,改善肝脏疏泄功能,促进胆汁排除;“肝体阴而用阳”,加用红枣以充肝血,以增强肝用;近世关幼波认为血瘀与湿邪互结是黄疸反复难愈的主要原因,提出“治黄必治血”等观点,所以用药中加入赤芍、丹皮、丹参等活血药物;加以党参、茯苓健脾化湿;调以甘草之甘,俾苦寒之品损伤脾之气。在患者疾病后期,黄疸消退明显,但是仍有乏力等症状,考虑患者病情一度危重,损伤脾胃、久病耗伤气血,所以在利湿退黄的基础上加用参苓白术散加减以健脾化湿,滋补后天之本以使患者生化有源,进而促进疾病的痊愈。

回顾该患者的主要发病原因为病后自行服用大量药物,在生活中自行用药须注意服药安全,不得超说明书剂量服用药物,同时也要尽量避免同时服用多种药物。

原始出处:

程红杰,欧晓娟,张巧妍,赵保团,张乃卫,徐珊珊.中西医结合救治急性药物性肝衰竭患者1例[J].中国中西医结合消化杂志,2019,27(03):240-242.

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1635814, encodeId=f69916358141e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e5781499dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝衰#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81499, encryptionId=9e5781499dd, topicName=肝衰)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fedc22527786, createdName=1249884fm94暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jul 24 07:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=366113, encodeId=e8803661130f, content=不错哦⊙?⊙!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8a4c2007402, createdName=1e1e05e2m70(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun May 12 15:44:52 CST 2019, time=2019-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1797187, encodeId=55c91e9718767, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ddcc2254e7f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中西医结#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22547, encryptionId=ddcc2254e7f, topicName=中西医结)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=07f7192, createdName=waiwai3030, createdTime=Sat Jan 25 00:27:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1463078, encodeId=e62c14630e830, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=83312253524' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中西医#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22535, encryptionId=83312253524, topicName=中西医)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=693f6527574, createdName=lizhou0206, createdTime=Fri Apr 19 07:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540078, encodeId=cf4315400e892, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52f28e736c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87736, encryptionId=52f28e736c9, topicName=药物性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55e413178317, createdName=yangfl10, createdTime=Fri Apr 19 07:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-05-12 1e1e05e2m70(暂无匿称)

    不错哦⊙?⊙!

    0

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