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一文总结:特殊人群血脂异常管理

2017-03-13 佚名 心在线

高血压、糖尿病等特殊人群血脂异常时,应如何结合伴随疾病特点开展血脂个性化管理?本文将一文总结。

高血压糖尿病等特殊人群血脂异常时,应如何结合伴随疾病特点开展血脂个性化管理?本文将一文总结。




糖尿病合并血脂异常主要表现为甘油三酯(TG)升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)降低,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)升高或正常。

(1)调脂目标:40岁及以上糖尿病患者血清LDL-C水平应控制在2.6mmol/L以下,保持HDL-C目标值在1.0mmol/L以上。

(2)治疗方案:首选他汀类药物治疗,如合并高TG伴或不伴低HDL-C者,可采用他汀类与贝特类药物联合应用。




高血压合并血脂异常者,应根据不同危险程度确定调脂目标值。同时,调脂治疗能够使多数高血压患者获益,减少冠心病事件。因此,高血压指南建议,中等危险的高血压患者应启动他汀治疗。


代谢综合征是一组以肥胖、高血糖(糖调节受损或糖尿病)、高血压以及血脂异常[高TG血症和(或)低HDL-C血症]集结发病的临床征候群。主要防治目标是预防动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)以及2型糖尿病,对已有ASCVD者要预防心血管事件再发。

(1)调脂目标:LDL-C<2.6mmol/L、TG<1.7mmol/L、HDL-C≥1.0mmol/L。

(2)治疗方案:先启动生活方式干预,如不能达标应针对各个组份采取相应药物治疗。

4.慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)



CKD常伴随血脂代谢异常并促进ASCVD的发生。

(1)调脂目标:轻、中度CKD者,LDL-C<2.6mmol/L,非-HDL-C<3.4mmol/L;重度CKD、CKD合并高血压或糖尿病者,LDL-C<1.8mmol/L,非-HDL-C<2.6mmol/L。

(2)治疗方案:CKD患者应接受中等强度他汀类治疗,必要时联合胆固醇吸收抑制剂;终末期肾病(ESRD)和血透患者,需仔细评估降胆固醇治疗风险和获益,建议药物选择和LDL-C目标个体化。应注意,CKD患者是他汀类引起肌病的高危人群,尤其是肾功能进行性减退或肾小球滤过率(GFR)<30ml/(min·1.732 )时,发病风险与他汀剂量密切相关,故应避免大剂量应用。此外,中等强度他汀治疗LDL-C不能达标时,推荐联合应用依折麦布;贝特类可升高肌酐水平,中重度CKD患者与他汀联用时,可能增加肌病风险。

5.家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)

FH属常染色体显性遗传性胆固醇代谢障碍,突出的临床特征是血清LDL-C水平明显升高和早发冠心病(心肌梗死或心绞痛)。FH治疗的最终目的是降低ASCVD危险,减少致死性和致残性心血管疾病发生。

(1)调脂目标:与心血管疾病高危者相同。

(2)治疗方案:①全面的治疗性生活方式改变:饮食(减少脂肪和胆固醇摄入,全面均衡膳食),运动和行为习惯(戒烟,减轻体重);②防治其他危险因素:如高血压和糖尿病;③早期治疗:FH患者从青少年期开始长期坚持他汀类治疗(常需要两种或更多种调脂药物的联合治疗),可显着降低ASCVD危险;④其他:心血管疾病极高危患者经联合调脂药物治疗,胆固醇水平仍未达到目标水平,尤其是疾病处于进展中的患者,可考虑接受脂蛋白血浆置换作为辅助治疗。




非心源性缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者,无论是否伴有其他动脉粥样硬化,均推荐给予他汀类药物长期治疗。

(1)治疗目标:颅内大动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(狭窄率70%~99%)导致的缺血性卒中或TIA患者,推荐目标值为LDL-C<1.8mmol/L。

(2)治疗方案:基线LDL-C≥2.6mmol/L,应用他汀类药物治疗;基线LDL-C<2.6mmol/L,目前尚缺乏临床证据。此外,长期使用他汀类药物治疗总体上是安全的,但有脑出血病史的非心源性缺血性卒中或TIA患者应权衡风险和获益合理使用他汀类药物。

7.高龄老年人



高龄患者大多有不同程度的肝肾功能减退,调脂药物剂量的选择需要个体化,且起始剂量不宜太大,应根据治疗效果调整调脂药物剂量并严密监测肝肾功能和肌酸激酶。

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    2017-03-13 1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称)

    调脂药物剂量的选择需要个体化,且起始剂量不宜太大,应根据治疗效果调整调脂药物剂量并严密监测肝肾功能和肌酸激酶。

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