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超声诊断乳腺巨大血管肉瘤1例

2019-10-28 张秉宜 韩玲 平杰 临床超声医学杂志

患者女,46岁,因发现右胸壁肿块2年,明显增大伴皮肤破溃出血半年就诊。5年前因右乳血管瘤于外院行右乳全切术。体格检查:右胸壁见长7 cm弧形手术疤痕,疤痕处见暗红色肿块向体表凸起,扪及质韧,边界不清,活动度差,直径10 cm左右,肿块局部有破溃出血(图1)。

患者女,46岁,因发现右胸壁肿块2年,明显增大伴皮肤破溃出血半年就诊。5年前因右乳血管瘤于外院行右乳全切术。体格检查:右胸壁见长7 cm弧形手术疤痕,疤痕处见暗红色肿块向体表凸起,扪及质韧,边界不清,活动度差,直径10 cm左右,肿块局部有破溃出血(图1)。


图1 乳腺肿块大体图
 
触诊有压痛,腋窝未扪及明显肿大淋巴结。超声检查:右胸壁切口处见一囊实混合性回声包块,边界欠清,形状不规则,大小11 cm×10 cm,内部回声杂乱,呈非均质性混合回声,内见多发管道状无回声;CDFI:该包块实性成分内血供较丰富,见多发线状及棒状血流信号(图2);频谱多普勒:可采集到低阻动脉频谱,阻力指数0.33(图3),双侧腋窝未见明显增大淋巴结。超声提示:右乳囊实混合性回声包块,考虑血管肉瘤可能性大。


图2 CDFI示乳腺肿块内探及棒状及线状血流信号


图3 频谱多普勒示乳腺肿块内低阻动脉频谱
 
术中冰冻切片示:肿块内异常血管结构分布,见浸润生长的肿瘤细胞,初步诊断,血管源性肿瘤(血管肉瘤?)。遂行右乳包块切除术,术后石蜡病理切片诊断:右乳高分化血管肉瘤,累及皮肤、乳头及横纹肌(图4)。免疫组化结果:CK(-),EGFR(-),CD34、CD31均为(+)。术后建议患者行放疗及化疗,目前患者正在随访中。


图4 病理示乳腺肿块为高分化血管肉瘤(HE染色,×100)
 
讨论:
 
乳腺血管肉瘤是一种极为罕见的源于乳腺间叶组织的恶性肿瘤,又称血管内皮肉瘤,其好发于30~40岁女性,分原发性和继发性两种类型。原发性血管肉瘤的发病率占乳腺肿瘤的万分之4,其发病原因不明;继发性血管肉瘤的病因常为乳癌患者进行保乳术后放疗,本例患者为第二次手术,故推测病因为继发性。临床上该病表现为乳腺肿块的迅速增长,肿块质软,与皮肤无明显粘连,如瘤体位置表浅,则该处皮肤可呈蓝紫色或紫红色的特征性改变。
 
本例患者肿块血供丰富生长迅速,半年内迅速增长至10 cm以上,实属罕见。乳腺血管肉瘤的临床表现缺乏特异性,部分病变组织占位效应并不明显,与外伤后的瘀斑、血肿类似,极易误诊为良性病变。该病应与乳腺炎性改变相鉴别,炎性肿块表现为非均质性低回声夹杂絮状稍强回声,CDFI示血流较丰富;而血管肉瘤表现为均质性或非均质性混合回声或强回声,肿块内亦可有丰富彩色血流信号。二维超声对于乳腺血管肉瘤诊断无特异性,未见典型的包块占位效应,且肿瘤边界与周围正常组织移行,单一依靠二维超声诊断较为困难,但本例患者加做CDFI显示,实性部分血流丰富且探及低阻动脉血流频谱,提示血管肉瘤可能。
 
原始出处:

张秉宜,韩玲,平杰,张玲,杨子姝.超声诊断乳腺巨大血管肉瘤1例[J].临床超声医学杂志,2018(05):301+305.

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