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Cell Stem Cell:老鼠植入人脑细胞后变聪明

2013-03-13 Xiaoning Han 《细胞—干细胞》

据国外媒体报道,一项新研究发现,把人脑细胞植入老鼠体内可使这些动物更快学习新事物。科学家表示,他们把人体中枢神经系统中的胶质细胞植入动物体内,发现这些人体细胞影响动物大脑的通讯能力。他们说,这一发现可能对了解人脑进化具有重要意义。 这些研究人员认为,星形胶质细胞的进化可能是众多造成人类发展中更高认知功能和使人类不同于其他物种的关键事件的其中之一。这项新研究的负责人、罗彻斯特大学医学中心神经专家史

据国外媒体报道,一项新研究发现,把人脑细胞植入老鼠体内可使这些动物更快学习新事物。科学家表示,他们把人体中枢神经系统中的胶质细胞植入动物体内,发现这些人体细胞影响动物大脑的通讯能力。他们说,这一发现可能对了解人脑进化具有重要意义。

这些研究人员认为,星形胶质细胞的进化可能是众多造成人类发展中更高认知功能和使人类不同于其他物种的关键事件的其中之一。这项新研究的负责人、罗彻斯特大学医学中心神经专家史蒂文-高曼表示:“我们认为,我们的研究最早证明了人体胶质细胞具有独特功能优势。”

这些发现于人体中枢神经系统的细胞直到最近才被认为是“管家”细胞。该发现还可能表明胶质细胞在疾病的形成中扮演重要角色。高曼说:“这一重要发现还向我们提供一个有助于研究大量在形成过程中胶质细胞扮演角色的疾病的全新模型。”相比其他物种,人脑中的星形胶质细胞更多、更大和更具多样性。

在人体内,星形胶质细胞个体以许多可同时连接大量神经细胞的纤维呈现出来。尤其在星形胶质细胞的突触中,两个相邻的神经细胞连在一起。所以相比老鼠而言,人体星形胶质细胞个体调整数千个突触活性的几率更大。正是这一观察结果才使科学家产生进行这项研究的想法。他们发现,人体星形胶质细胞可能在调整更高认知功能中扮演一个重要角色。

实验中科学家把胶质细胞植入老鼠体内,结果显示这些细胞影响潜在的神经活动模式。高曼说:“我们拥有先进的认知处理能力,不仅是因为我们神经网络的大小和复杂性,还因为取决于胶质细胞的功能性能力和协调能力的增加。”

这个科研小组决定通过观察人体胶质细胞和老鼠正常神经细胞共存时出现的结果,以便了解这些细胞是否为人脑提供独特能力。他们把胶质细胞植入新生老鼠脑中。老鼠成熟时,人体胶质细胞超过老鼠与生俱来的胶质细胞,同时没有对现有神经网络造成伤害。高曼表示:“人体胶质细胞基本上占据老鼠神经细胞的突触。实际上,这个通讯点上的所有胶质细胞和一大部分星形胶质细胞都来自被植入的人体细胞。与此同时,它们的发育和行为本质上和人脑中的一样。”

这个科研组然后开始检查这些细胞对动物大脑产生的功能影响,尤其是大脑形成新记忆和学些新任务的能力。他们发现,老鼠大脑功能的两个重要指示器在人体胶质细胞作用下得到明显改善。这些研究人员先是注意到,被植入人体细胞的老鼠的脑波传递速度比正常老鼠更快,同时更类似于人脑组织。接下来,他们发现一个测量神经细胞在大脑停留时间的过程受到短暂电刺激的影响。另外,科学家还发现被植入人体细胞的老鼠在成长过程中表现出更好的学习能力。

根据这些发现,科研组用一系列旨在测试记忆和学习能力的行为任务对这只老鼠进行评估。他们发现,这只被植入人体细胞的老鼠变成更快速的学习者,而完成各种任务的速度比未被植入人体胶质细胞的老鼠快很多。高曼说:“我们的研究结果表明,这些老鼠现有神经网络内的可塑性和学习能力明显提高,本质上改变它们的功能性能力。这意味着人体胶质细胞在智慧能力和认知处理中扮演着一个种特异角色。尽管一段时间以来科学家认为它可能是存在的,但我们的研究为它提供最早的证据。”这些研究人员指出,他们的发现为医学界提供一个了解和治疗神经障碍的新工具。研究论文发表于《细胞—干细胞》(cell stem-cell)。

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Forebrain Engraftment by Human Glial Progenitor Cells Enhances Synaptic Plasticity and Learning in Adult Mice

Xiaoning Han, Michael Chen, Fushun Wang, Martha Windrem, Su Wang, Steven Shanz, Qiwu Xu

Human astrocytes are larger and more complex than those of infraprimate mammals, suggesting that their role in neural processing has expanded with evolution. To assess the cell-autonomous and species-selective properties of human glia, we engrafted human glial progenitor cells (GPCs) into neonatal immunodeficient mice. Upon maturation, the recipient brains exhibited large numbers and high proportions of both human glial progenitors and astrocytes. The engrafted human glia were gap-junction-coupled to host astroglia, yet retained the size and pleomorphism of hominid astroglia, and propagated Ca2+ signals 3-fold faster than their hosts. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was sharply enhanced in the human glial chimeric mice, as was their learning, as assessed by Barnes maze navigation, object-location memory, and both contextual and tone fear conditioning. Mice allografted with murine GPCs showed no enhancement of either LTP or learning. These findings indicate that human glia differentially enhance both activity-dependent plasticity and learning in mice.

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    2013-06-11 维他命
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1958866, encodeId=c1521958866d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 08:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1794338, encodeId=eae41e9433899, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82b416e79f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#stem cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16779, encryptionId=82b416e79f5, topicName=stem cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Fri Jul 05 23:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1868632, encodeId=c05d1868632e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Nov 24 10:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1424883, encodeId=d4e4142488317, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bbd084993fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84993, encryptionId=bbd084993fd, topicName=脑细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=39a23929286, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481791, encodeId=17b71481e91b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8cc416e78f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#STEM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16778, encryptionId=8cc416e78f3, topicName=STEM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d1067833268, createdName=12498bb3m92(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1520221, encodeId=0a7c15202211b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a736264553' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#植入#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62645, encryptionId=7a736264553, topicName=植入)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=832411313664, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1620798, encodeId=c4d81620e9837, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d858084092' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#聪明#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=80840, encryptionId=9d858084092, topicName=聪明)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=316420160942, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-03-15 jiyangfei
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1958866, encodeId=c1521958866d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 08:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1794338, encodeId=eae41e9433899, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82b416e79f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#stem cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16779, encryptionId=82b416e79f5, topicName=stem cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Fri Jul 05 23:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1868632, encodeId=c05d1868632e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Nov 24 10:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1424883, encodeId=d4e4142488317, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bbd084993fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84993, encryptionId=bbd084993fd, topicName=脑细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=39a23929286, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481791, encodeId=17b71481e91b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8cc416e78f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#STEM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16778, encryptionId=8cc416e78f3, topicName=STEM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d1067833268, createdName=12498bb3m92(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1520221, encodeId=0a7c15202211b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a736264553' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#植入#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62645, encryptionId=7a736264553, topicName=植入)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=832411313664, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1620798, encodeId=c4d81620e9837, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d858084092' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#聪明#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=80840, encryptionId=9d858084092, topicName=聪明)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=316420160942, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:58:00 CST 2013, time=2013-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-03-15 Boyinsh

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