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肿瘤标志物升高!你是不是被吓坏了?

2018-02-13 俞人可 邵逸夫医院

刘先生最近做了个体检,报告显示血清甲胎蛋白(AFP) 17.4ng/ml(正常值:0-13.4ng/ml)。他上网查了一下AFP:肿瘤标志物、肝癌相关……几个大字赫然醒目,刘先生吓出一身冷汗。


刘先生最近做了个体检,报告显示血清甲胎蛋白(AFP) 17.4ng/ml(正常值:0-13.4ng/ml)。他上网查了一下AFP:肿瘤标志物、肝癌相关……几个大字赫然醒目,刘先生吓出一身冷汗。

虽然身体素来健康,但长期饮酒,而且父亲也是因肝癌去世。他很担心自己也得了肝癌,当天就赶到医院看病。

医生告诉他别慌

我们先来看

肿瘤标志物到底是什么?

肿瘤标志物

肿瘤标志物是存在于肿瘤细胞内或细胞膜表面,由肿瘤细胞表达分泌入血液、其它体液及组织中,或由机体对肿瘤发生免疫反应而产生并进入体液或组织中。

肿瘤标志物检测有什么用?

1.早期筛查诊断。肿瘤标志物检测能发现早期无症状肿瘤,可先于X线、超声、CT、MRI或PET-CT等物理检查。

2.监测肿瘤的治疗效果。用于随访及监测肿瘤复发转移、预后评估。

肿瘤标志物升高=得了肿瘤?

当然不是

肿瘤标志物检测只能发现“嫌疑犯”而不能定罪!

首先,肿瘤标志物有多种来源,它并非肿瘤的绝对特异性产物。换句话说,人体内正常细胞也会产生肿瘤标志物。

导致肿瘤标志物升高的因素有很多:

例如饮酒、吸烟、睡眠不佳、局部炎症、血糖控制不佳,过度进补等。

举个例子:糖尿病会增加癌症的发生风险,血糖控制差的糖尿病患者也会出现CA199、CEA等肿瘤标志物升高。

再举个例子:研究显示,长期进食燕窝这样的补品容易刺激细胞过度分化,影响肿瘤标志物的升高。

如果体检发现肿瘤标志物升高,先回忆一下,最近是否存在这些应激因素。

其次,影响检测准确性的因素也很多,结果可能出现假阳性。

1检测技术与试剂

肿瘤标志物的监测必须在同一分析系统上进行才有价值。将不同医院检测的肿瘤标志物数值进行对比没有意义,所以建议患者“从一而终”,在同一家医疗机构进行肿瘤标志物的随访。

2受标本采集、保存因素的影响

例如,前列腺按摩、穿刺、导尿、射精和直肠镜检测后,PSA、PAP会升高;女性月经和孕期CA125和CA199升高,孕期AFP明显升高。

血液标本采集后,应及时离心,保存于4℃冰箱中,24小时内进行检测;如需在2至3个月内检测,则应-20℃保存,以防反复冻融等等。

3有没有完全理想的肿瘤标志物?

很遗憾,目前尚不存在完全理想的肿瘤标志物,单一肿瘤标志物的参考价值较低。

《肿瘤标志物的临床应用建议》不提倡对无症状人群进行普查(除甲胎蛋白AFP和前列腺特异性抗原PSA外),但可用于高危人群的筛查、及疾病早期的辅助诊断

4哪些人应该接受癌症筛查?

《健康体检基本项目专家共识

恶性肿瘤风险筛查



5几种肿瘤标志物的临床意义

(1)AFP 甲胎蛋白

AFP通常由孕期的胎肝和卵黄囊产生,在肝癌高发地区、高危人群进行筛查有利于早期发现肿瘤。

高危因素:乙型肝炎或酒精性肝硬化、自身免疫性肝炎、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏、HBV活动复制者、HBV DNA高拷贝数者、具有肝细胞癌家族史者、男性大于40岁或女性大于50岁,需每6个月随访检查AFP,病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者,需结合腹部超声。

单次AFP检测值升高可能是暂时,比如可能是因为慢性病毒性肝炎。AFP>20μg/L且持续增加者,即使腹部超声检查阴性,也须进一步检查。

(2)CEA癌胚抗原

结肠癌复发与转移的评估指标,在其他肿瘤中也有一定提示意义。

不推荐对健康人群进行结肠癌筛查。

NACB及EGTM专家均赞成将浓度值增高30%作为具有阳性意义的界定。但该增高的浓度需在1个月内复查确认,如第2次CEA检测仍存在明显升高,则应继续进行其他确证检查。

(3)SCC 鳞状细胞癌抗原

应用于鳞状上皮源性肿瘤,包括宫颈、食管、头颈、肺等。

血清SCC水平增高强烈提示NSCLC的存在,尤其是鳞状细胞肺癌

肾功能衰竭的患者、标本被皮肤或唾液污染、患有脚气、皮癣等皮肤疾病时可能出现假阳性升高。

(4)NSE神经元特异性烯醇化酶

血清NSE水平的升高可提示小细胞肺癌(SCLC)的存在。

SCLC的系统性治疗中,可监测NSE水平以反映患者对治疗的应答情况和疾病的进展情况。

(5)PSA前列腺特异性抗原

前列腺癌最理想的血清肿瘤标志物,用于前列腺癌的筛查、分期及预后评估、疗效判断、复发监测。

采血应在对前列腺进行任何操作之前或待操作引起的PSA升高消除之后,以及前列腺的炎症消退之后进行。

NACB的指南推荐50岁以上男性每年采用 PSA和直肠指检相结合的方法进行一次前列腺癌筛查,并建议直肠指检异常者或者血清PSA水平≥ 4.0μg/L者接受前列腺穿刺活检。一般直肠指检触及前列腺增大者,fPSA/tPSA比值<0.15时提示前列腺癌的可能性大;fPSA/tPSA比值>0.25提示前列腺肥大的可能。

6如何正确认识肿瘤标志物?

(1)影响肿瘤标志物升高的因素有很多,不光是肿瘤。一次性的肿瘤标志物升高,不要太过惊慌,可以在避免吸烟、饮酒、饮食、睡眠、经期等影响因素后1个月再去医院复查。

(2)单个肿瘤标志物的参考价值较低,需结合其他肿瘤标志物或影像学检查等;多个肿瘤标志物升高需引起重视,尽早筛查肿瘤。

(3)肿瘤标志物需动态随访,一次性的结果参考价值较低,反复检查,数值动态持续升高则需要引起重视。建议在同一家医疗机构进行随访。

(4)大多数肿瘤标志物用于肿瘤术后或放化疗后跟踪随访更具有价值,在肿瘤早期筛查中作用尚小。

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createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:49 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-22 杨利洪

    学习了学习了

    0

  3. 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time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288234, encodeId=bd39288234eb, content=学习了.好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76d12257050, createdName=12177770m58暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 21:50:54 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287901, encodeId=e8c728e90156, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 12:16:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdTime=Wed Feb 14 10:28:13 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287829, encodeId=040928e8298c, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:58 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287828, encodeId=bbd628e828fe, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:49 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-16 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习学习

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841190, encodeId=bc671841190bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 22:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=289879, encodeId=7ce42898e963, content=学习了学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Thu Feb 22 08:19:40 CST 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createdTime=Wed Feb 14 10:28:13 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287829, encodeId=040928e8298c, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:58 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287828, encodeId=bbd628e828fe, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, 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    2018-02-15 12177770m58暂无昵称

    非常好.谢谢分享.又涨芝士啦!

    0

  5. 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    2018-02-15 12177770m58暂无昵称

    学习了.好

    0

  6. 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createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:49 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-14 sunfeifeiyang

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841190, encodeId=bc671841190bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 22:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=289879, encodeId=7ce42898e963, content=学习了学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Thu Feb 22 08:19:40 CST 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time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288234, encodeId=bd39288234eb, content=学习了.好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76d12257050, createdName=12177770m58暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 21:50:54 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287901, encodeId=e8c728e90156, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 12:16:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:49 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-14 神功盖世

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841190, encodeId=bc671841190bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 22:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=289879, encodeId=7ce42898e963, content=学习了学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Thu Feb 22 08:19:40 CST 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time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288234, encodeId=bd39288234eb, content=学习了.好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76d12257050, createdName=12177770m58暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 21:50:54 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287901, encodeId=e8c728e90156, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 12:16:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdTime=Wed Feb 14 10:28:13 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287829, encodeId=040928e8298c, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:58 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287828, encodeId=bbd628e828fe, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:49 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-14 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841190, encodeId=bc671841190bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Thu Aug 09 22:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=289879, encodeId=7ce42898e963, content=学习了学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Thu Feb 22 08:19:40 CST 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time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288234, encodeId=bd39288234eb, content=学习了.好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76d12257050, createdName=12177770m58暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Feb 15 21:50:54 CST 2018, time=2018-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287901, encodeId=e8c728e90156, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 12:16:06 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdTime=Wed Feb 14 10:28:13 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287829, encodeId=040928e8298c, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:58 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287828, encodeId=bbd628e828fe, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Feb 14 08:46:49 CST 2018, time=2018-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-14 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

  10. 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    2018-02-14 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

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