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多发性内分泌肿瘤综合征丨影像诊断

2020-06-23 熊猫放射 熊猫放射

多发性内分泌肿瘤综合征(MEN)是指患者同时或先后出现2个或以上内分泌腺肿瘤或增生为主要特征的一组临床综合征。肿瘤可表现为多样性,发病时间不同,并且有的受累腺体在临床上是静止的,诊断不易。

多发性内分泌肿瘤综合征(multiple endocrine neoplasia,MEN)是指患者同时或先后出现2个或以上内分泌腺肿瘤或增生为主要特征的一组临床综合征。肿瘤可表现为多样性,发病时间不同,并且有的受累腺体在临床上是静止的,诊断不易。

MEN是由于常染色体显性基因紊乱,导致出现2个或以上内分泌腺肿瘤或增生的一组综合征。按照常染色体显性基因突变的情况分为以下几型。

MEN-1 型称Wermer综合征,发病年龄为中青年,发病率约为1/10000,呈家族性及聚集性分布。最常累及内分泌腺为甲状旁腺(90%~95%)、胰腺(30%~80%)、垂体前叶(20%~40%)。

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进是MEN-1型最常见和最早期的表现,患者出现高血钙、低血磷和甲状旁腺激素的异常升高。影像学可检出甲状旁腺腺瘤或增生,约20%的患者存在纵隔异位甲状旁腺。其次,MEN-1型常见的肿瘤为胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(NETs),大多数为分泌激素的功能性肿瘤(如胃泌素、胰岛素、胰高血糖素等),引起相应临床症状。

MEN-2 型:MEN-2型发病率较MEN-1型更低。特征性表现为甲状腺髓样癌和肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤。

MEN-2 型根据不同的临床特征,分为3个亚型:MEN-2A(占MEN-2型的55%,又称Sipple综合征)、MEN-2B(5%~10%,又称为MEN-3型)和家族性甲状腺髓样癌(35%~60%)。

MEN-4 型:MEN-4型是近年来定义的一种新的MEN类型,由CDKN1B突变引起,主要累及甲状旁腺(81%)及垂体前叶(42%)。

MEN 常见肿瘤包括甲状旁腺腺瘤、胰腺NETs、垂体腺瘤,相对容易准确诊断。需注意的是MEN-2B型甲状腺髓样癌及直肠神经内分泌肿瘤影像表现。甲状腺髓样癌表现为单发/多发低密度结节,界不清,密度不均匀,增强扫描不均匀强化伴有内部不规则低密度区,这与甲状腺乳头状癌易出现囊性变和囊壁明显强化的乳头状结节的特点不同。直肠神经内分泌肿瘤表现为肿块均匀显著强化。

单一内分泌腺肿瘤的影像学表现通常有典型特征,对于MEN的诊断重点在于综合诊断,注意多种内分泌腺病变间的关系,形成影像关联,实现正确诊断及分型,避免漏诊。

几点体会:
(1) MEN的诊断需要行针对性的多部位多种影像学检查;

(2) 重点观察MEN常累及的腺体,即甲状旁腺、垂体、胰腺及甲状腺,同时注意扫描范围内的其他内分泌腺,如胸部扫描注意甲状腺、甲状旁腺及胸腺,腹部扫描注意胰腺、肾上腺及胃泌素三角区;

(3) 由于甲状旁腺功能亢进可以引起继发性骨质疏松,所以注意观察扫描范围内骨骼密度情况。发现脊柱骨质密度普遍减低,建议行甲状旁腺ECT检查排除甲状旁腺功能亢进。

患者女性,24岁,1型。动态增强早期垂体前叶左下份一低强化结节; 99mTc-MIBI SPECT /CT断层融合显像,甲状旁腺延时显像示左侧甲状旁腺区放射性核素异常浓聚;CT平扫示右侧肾上腺外侧支低密度结节,轻度强化;下腹壁皮肤多发等密度小结节(病理诊断为皮肤软纤维瘤);斜冠状位重组增强扫描动脉期胰头、胰尾各见一明显强化结节;冠状位腹部扫描范围内胸腰椎体骨质密度减低。

患者女性,52 岁,2A 型。CT平扫腹膜后一类圆形稍低密度肿块,密度不均。右侧肾上腺区见高密度吻合钉影;动脉期腹膜后肿块不均匀轻度强化(病理诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤);99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT 断层融合显像,甲状旁腺延时显像示左侧甲状腺下极放射性核素异常浓聚,病理诊断为甲状腺髓样癌;冠状位腹部扫描范围内胸腰椎体骨质密度减低。

患者男性,22 岁,2B 型。肛周等密度软组织肿块,动脉期肿块明显强化,T1WI示肛周等信号软组织肿块,明显强化,病理诊断为神经内分泌肿瘤;甲状腺左、右叶结节不均匀明显强化,左侧病灶边界不清,病理诊断为甲状腺髓样癌。

患者男性,36 岁,4 型。99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT断层融合显像,甲状旁腺延时显像示右侧甲状旁腺区放射性核素异常浓聚,病理诊断为甲状旁腺腺瘤;动脉期胰尾部明显强化小结节;冠状位胸腹部扫描范围内胸腰椎骨质密度减低。

鉴别诊断:
(1) 多发性神经内分泌瘤。指在消化道或消化腺(如胰腺)同时出现2个或以上神经内分泌肿瘤,但不累及垂体、甲状腺及甲状旁腺等其他内分泌腺。

(2) 转移瘤。胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤容易发生转移,但很少转移到肾上腺,所以当患者同时出现胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤和肾上腺结节(如具有典型影像表现的嗜铬细胞瘤或腺瘤),应注意MEN。另外还需注意其他内分泌腺是否有病变,更加确定排除转移瘤。

(3) 神经皮肤综合征。是一种神经和皮肤同时患病的常染色体显性遗传疾病,也可同时引起多个脏器异常,如von Hippel-Lindau 综合征(VHL)。表现为中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤,约17%伴有单发或多发的胰腺内分泌肿瘤,约20%伴有嗜铬细胞瘤,可同时还有肾癌、肾和胰腺囊肿等,而甲状腺和甲状旁腺不受累。

(4) 随机组合性的病变。MEN-1型可以同时出现肾上腺腺瘤和脑膜瘤,但在临床工作中遇到同时出现这两种疾病的病例并不少见,不能都怀疑MEN,一定要抓住其特征性的内分泌腺,避免误诊。

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    2022-01-15 12192b1am98暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2021-04-25 ms9000001054831651

    好文章,学习了

    0

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    2021-03-06 jml2009
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1184674, encodeId=2e3c11846e430, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1a272265480, createdName=12192b1am98暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jan 15 22:10:17 CST 2022, time=2022-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=960312, encodeId=b0e2960312b5, content=好文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fca5481764, createdName=ms9000001054831651, createdTime=Sun Apr 25 11:41:10 CST 2021, time=2021-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1890131, encodeId=1130189013115, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=760c430895a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43089, encryptionId=760c430895a, topicName=多发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04d6114, createdName=jml2009, createdTime=Sat Mar 06 11:22:27 CST 2021, time=2021-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1763514, encodeId=48551e6351477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3fc83035361' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#内分泌肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30353, encryptionId=3fc83035361, topicName=内分泌肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=763a37536718, createdName=1249898am27暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Nov 03 18:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1682613, encodeId=0a02168261357, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4d031e8074' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分泌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31780, encryptionId=d4d031e8074, topicName=分泌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Fri Apr 30 08:22:27 CST 2021, time=2021-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431860, encodeId=b763143186036, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 04:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1445600, encodeId=545414456001c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=643e5031124' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#影像诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50311, encryptionId=643e5031124, topicName=影像诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83erGh2JQt8g9L1dqpdLyJ7EDClYbBfjvngmKJ6Vn8jCDHuYvHH6ZLao7bSXVr4okhjNU9ojr0SZFxQ/132, createdBy=12ec5143276, createdName=12498fa0m12暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 04:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1184674, encodeId=2e3c11846e430, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1a272265480, createdName=12192b1am98暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jan 15 22:10:17 CST 2022, time=2022-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=960312, encodeId=b0e2960312b5, content=好文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fca5481764, createdName=ms9000001054831651, createdTime=Sun Apr 25 11:41:10 CST 2021, time=2021-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1890131, encodeId=1130189013115, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=760c430895a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43089, encryptionId=760c430895a, topicName=多发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04d6114, createdName=jml2009, createdTime=Sat Mar 06 11:22:27 CST 2021, time=2021-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1763514, encodeId=48551e6351477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3fc83035361' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#内分泌肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30353, encryptionId=3fc83035361, topicName=内分泌肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=763a37536718, createdName=1249898am27暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Nov 03 18:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1682613, encodeId=0a02168261357, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4d031e8074' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分泌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31780, encryptionId=d4d031e8074, topicName=分泌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Fri Apr 30 08:22:27 CST 2021, time=2021-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431860, encodeId=b763143186036, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 04:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1445600, encodeId=545414456001c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=643e5031124' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#影像诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50311, encryptionId=643e5031124, topicName=影像诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83erGh2JQt8g9L1dqpdLyJ7EDClYbBfjvngmKJ6Vn8jCDHuYvHH6ZLao7bSXVr4okhjNU9ojr0SZFxQ/132, createdBy=12ec5143276, createdName=12498fa0m12暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 04:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1184674, encodeId=2e3c11846e430, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1a272265480, createdName=12192b1am98暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jan 15 22:10:17 CST 2022, time=2022-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=960312, encodeId=b0e2960312b5, content=好文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fca5481764, createdName=ms9000001054831651, createdTime=Sun Apr 25 11:41:10 CST 2021, time=2021-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1890131, encodeId=1130189013115, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=760c430895a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43089, encryptionId=760c430895a, topicName=多发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04d6114, createdName=jml2009, createdTime=Sat Mar 06 11:22:27 CST 2021, time=2021-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1763514, encodeId=48551e6351477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3fc83035361' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#内分泌肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30353, encryptionId=3fc83035361, topicName=内分泌肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=763a37536718, createdName=1249898am27暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Nov 03 18:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1682613, encodeId=0a02168261357, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4d031e8074' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分泌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31780, encryptionId=d4d031e8074, topicName=分泌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Fri Apr 30 08:22:27 CST 2021, time=2021-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431860, encodeId=b763143186036, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 04:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1445600, encodeId=545414456001c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=643e5031124' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#影像诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50311, encryptionId=643e5031124, topicName=影像诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83erGh2JQt8g9L1dqpdLyJ7EDClYbBfjvngmKJ6Vn8jCDHuYvHH6ZLao7bSXVr4okhjNU9ojr0SZFxQ/132, createdBy=12ec5143276, createdName=12498fa0m12暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 04:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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