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肝脏良性占位性病变的诊断与治疗专家共识(2016版)要点

2017-01-18 中国医师协会外科医师分会肝脏外科医师委员会  中国研究型医院学会肝胆胰外科专业委员会 《中华消化外科杂志》

随着影像学技术的发展,肝脏良性占位性病变(benign occupation of the liver, BOL)的检出率不断提高,但在其诊断与治疗方面却尚无规范可循。2014年美国胃肠病学协会及2016年欧洲肝病协会相继发表了肝脏局部病变的诊断与治疗指南。国内目前尚无针对BOL的诊断与治疗指南或专家共识。为了规范BOL的诊断与治疗,中国医师协会外科医师分会肝脏外科医师委员会和中国研究型医院学

随着影像学技术的发展,肝脏良性占位性病变(benign occupation of the liver, BOL)的检出率不断提高,但在其诊断与治疗方面却尚无规范可循。2014年美国胃肠病学协会及2016年欧洲肝病协会相继发表了肝脏局部病变的诊断与治疗指南。国内目前尚无针对BOL的诊断与治疗指南或专家共识。为了规范BOL的诊断与治疗,中国医师协会外科医师分会肝脏外科医师委员会和中国研究型医院学会肝胆胰外科专业委员会共同起草制订了《肝脏良性占位性病变的诊断与治疗专家共识(2016版)》(以下简称共识),以期为诊断与治疗BOL起到规范与指导作用。


本共识循证医学证据级别与推荐强度见表1。由于有关BOL诊断与治疗的高级别循证医学证据较少,绝大多数为回顾性文献,但一些诊断及治疗方法已在临床实践中得到广泛应用,因此,推荐级别相应较高。



BOL的诊断要点  


BOL的诊断应重视肝病背景和流行病学背景。我国>80%的原发性肝癌合并肝炎或肝硬化病史,而除肝脏不典型增生结节以外的BOL极少合并肝硬化。腹部超声检查通常用于BOL筛查和随访。多排螺旋CT(multi –detectors computer tomography,MDCT)或MRI平扫加增强扫描则用于确诊BOL,且两者可为互补。MRI检查鉴别肝硬化增生、不典型增生结节及小肝癌方面更具优势,尤其是新型对比剂钆塞酸二钠的应用可明显提高小肝癌的诊断准确性。PET/CT检查鉴别诊断良恶性肝脏肿瘤有一定价值,可选择性应用。实验室检查对大多数BOL诊断无帮助,但肝包虫病血清学试验对诊断有决定性意义,AFP、CA19-9、CEA等肿瘤标志物有助于良恶性占位性病变的鉴别诊断。当临床治疗决策必要而影像学检查无法确诊时,可行肝穿刺活组织病理学检查以明确诊断。对于特定类型的BOL,肝穿刺活组织还可行免疫组织化学染色检测以获取组织学分型并指导治疗。


BOL的鉴别诊断  


BOL的诊断须建立在排除肝脏恶性肿瘤基础上。因此,诊断BOL的过程也是与恶性肿瘤相鉴别的过程。实性BOL需与原发性肝癌、转移性肝癌、肝胆管细胞癌等鉴别;囊性BOL需与肝脏胆管囊腺癌(BCAC)等相鉴别。肿瘤影像学特征,生长速度,肝炎及肝硬化病史,AFP、CEA、CA19-9等肿瘤标志物是鉴别诊断的主要依据。


BOL的处理原则  


BOL的治疗应根据有无明显症状和是否有恶变倾向等因素进行选择。具备恶变倾向的BOL如肝腺瘤、BCA、肝胆管乳头状瘤、HAML、肝脏不典型增生结节等应择期手术切除;无癌变倾向的BOL应严格掌控手术适应证,只有合并明显影响生命质量的症状或肿瘤生长速度快而难以排除恶性肿瘤者,才选择手术切除。BOL的治疗方法是手术切除,综合考虑病变的性质和微创技术的可控性可选择腹腔镜手术。对不需治疗的BOL应每年复查1次腹部超声检查观察肿瘤的变化。  


推荐1:BOL的诊断必须结合病史,影像学及实验室检查进行综合分析,并在排除肝脏恶性肿瘤的基础上作出诊断(证据级别Ⅰ,推荐等级强)。  


推荐2:有恶变倾向的BOL应择期手术;无恶变倾向者但存在明显影响生命质量的症状或肿瘤生长速度快而难以排除恶性肿瘤者,选择手术切除(证据级别Ⅰ,推荐等级强)。  


推荐3:手术切除是治疗BOL的主要方法,微创治疗技术可行者可选择腹腔镜手术(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐等级弱)。


各种BOL的诊断与治疗要点


肝海绵状血管瘤


推荐4:手术指征:①巨大血管瘤产生明显压迫症状。②血管瘤生长速度快不能排除血管平滑肌脂肪瘤或血管内皮瘤者。  


推荐5:手术方法:肿瘤切除或荷瘤肝叶切除术。


肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(HAML)


推荐6:HAML的确诊必须依据影像学特征并结合肝炎、肝硬化史以及肿瘤标志物进行综合分析(证据级别Ⅰ,推荐等级强)。  


推荐7:对诊断不明者可行肝穿刺活组织病理学检查(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐等级强)。  


推荐8:诊断明确的HAML应择期手术治疗(证据级别Ⅰ,推荐等级强)。


肝腺瘤


推荐9:影像学不能确诊肝腺瘤者,建议行肝穿刺活组织病理学检查(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐强度强)。  


推荐10:具有癌变高危人群特征的肝腺瘤应考虑手术切除或其替代方法进行治疗。肝腺瘤的治疗以外科手术切除为主,手术方式可选择肿瘤切除或含肿瘤肝叶切除。直径<5cm的肝腺瘤可每6个月复查腹部超声,并停用性激素类药物(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐强度强)。  


推荐11:无法手术切除的巨大肝腺瘤可行TAE治疗,防止肿瘤破裂出血(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐强度强)。


肝脏局灶性结节增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)


推荐12:MDCT或MRI检查显示特征性影像学特征,特别是肝脏细胞特异性造影剂增强MRI是确诊FNH的重要依据,在诊断不明确时考虑行肝穿刺活组织病理学检查(证据级别Ⅰ,推荐强度强)。  


推荐13:病灶生长速度快,有压迫症状,或不能排除恶性肿瘤者,应考虑手术切除(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐强度强)。


肝孤立性坏死结节(solitary necrotic noule of the liver SNNL)


推荐14:SNNL无明显临床症状,影像学上呈低血流灌注表现,可结合多种影像学检查结果进行诊断。必要时行肝穿刺活组织病理学检查(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐强度强)。  


推荐15:SNNL应在明确诊断的情况下定期随访观察(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐强度强)。


先天性肝囊肿


推荐16:对于有明显症状的单纯性肝囊肿可考虑外科治疗,首选治疗方法为腹腔镜囊壁部分切除引流术(证据级别Ⅰ,推荐强度强)。  


推荐17:肝囊肿穿刺抽液联合无水乙醇仅限于症状明显而又不能耐受手术者,应慎重采用(证据级别Ⅲ,推荐强度弱)。  


推荐18:合并门静脉高压症或肝功能损害的多囊肝患者可行肝移植(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐强度强)。


肝脏胆管囊腺肿瘤(biliary cystic tumors, BCTs)


可根据病理性质将其分为、肝脏胆管细胞囊腺瘤(biliary cystadenoma,BCA)和肝脏胆管囊腺癌(BCAC)。


推荐19:MDCT和MRI平扫及增强扫描,以及MRCP检查是诊断和鉴别诊断BCTs的主要手段,结合实验室CA19-9检查可提高诊断准确率(证据级别Ⅱ,推荐强度强)。  


推荐20:对术中怀疑BCTs者,可作快速冷冻切片病理学检查(证据级别Ⅰ,推荐强度强)。  


推荐21:对于BCA需整块切除肿瘤;对于BCAC需整块切除肿瘤及肿瘤周围肝组织或荷瘤肝叶。


其他良性肝占位性病变  


除以上介绍的常见BOL外,还有许多少见的BOL,包括肝脏炎性肌纤维细胞瘤、肝间叶错构瘤、肝畸胎瘤、肝细胞异性增生结节及肝胆管乳头状瘤等,这些BOL均无典型的临床表现,MDCT、MRI等影像学检查表现各异,少有特征性表现,多依靠病理学检查才能确诊。对有恶变倾向的BOL如肝细胞异型增生结节,肝胆管乳头状瘤等则应择期手术治疗。


摘自:《中华消化外科杂志》2017年1月第16卷第1期

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    2017-01-19 inter158

    肝脏良性占位性病变(benignoccupationoftheliver,BOL)的检出率不断提高

    0

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    2017-01-19 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章太好了,受益

    0

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    2017-01-18 1e0c1443m21(暂无匿称)

    有章可循

    0

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