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ATS 2013:研究揭示睡眠呼吸障碍与阿尔茨海默病间的关系

2013-05-28 ATS dxy

针对睡眠障碍性呼吸(SDB)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)脑脊液(CSF)和神经影像学标记物的一项新的研究为探究二者之间联系的诸多研究增添了正能量。但这项最新的研究也提出了一个有趣的问题:处于“临床前期阶段”的AD是否也可以导致SDB并解释老年人SDB患病率的上升?这项研究发表于2013年5月17—22日在宾夕法尼亚费城召开的2013ATS国际会议上。“这真的是一个鸡和蛋的故事,” Ricardo S.

针对睡眠障碍性呼吸(SDB)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)脑脊液(CSF)和神经影像学标记物的一项新的研究为探究二者之间联系的诸多研究增添了正能量。但这项最新的研究也提出了一个有趣的问题:处于“临床前期阶段”的AD是否也可以导致SDB并解释老年人SDB患病率的上升?这项研究发表于2013年5月17—22日在宾夕法尼亚费城召开的2013ATS国际会议上。“这真的是一个鸡和蛋的故事,” Ricardo S. Osorio博士说。他是纽约大学医学院的助理教授,也是该研究的负责人。”我们的研究并没有确定因果关系的方向。而且事实上,并没有发现二者之间的显著联系。直到我们在对消瘦和肥胖患者的数据研究上得到突破。”

当研究人员考虑到体重因素,他们发现,患有SDB的消瘦患者(定义为BMI小于25)体内确实具有与AD风险有关的几种特异性和非特异性的生物标志物(脑脊液中P-Tau 和T-Tau的增加,结构性MRI显示的海马萎缩,以及使用FDG-PET于几个AD相关大脑区域发现的葡萄糖代谢减退)。而对于肥胖患者(BMI大于25),葡萄糖代谢减退也可在内侧颞叶发现,但在其他AD相关大脑区域并不显著。“我们知道大约百分之10到20的美国中年人有SDB [定义为呼吸暂停低通气指数大于5 ],而65岁以后,患病的人数量大幅增加。”Osorio博士说,应该注意到研究发现65岁以上老年人患有SDB的比例在百分之30—60之间。”我们不知道为什么SDB会变得如此普遍,但其中的一个因素可能是,这些患者处于AD的最早的临床前阶段。”Osorio博士说,AD生化标记的出现可早于任何目前公认的明显症状的出现15到20年。

纽约大学医学院的研究者们纳入了68例认知正常的老年患者(平均年龄71.4±5.6,范围64-87),接受两个晚上的SDB家庭监控并进行至少一项AD诊断标记的测定。研究者们着手于脑脊液中的P-tau、T-tau、Aβ42 蛋白,FDG-PET(测量葡萄糖代谢),匹兹堡化合物B(PIB)PET测量淀粉样蛋白沉积,和/或结构性MRI测量海马体积。AD的患病脆弱区葡萄糖代谢降低,海马体积减小,T-tau、 P-tau、Aβ42蛋白改变,结合的PIB—PET增加被认为是AD的风险标记,并以被报道在健康受试者发病前即可出现异常。AD风险的生物标志物被发现只存在于患有SDB的消瘦研究参与者身上。这些患者表现出其SDB严重程度和脑脊液生物标志物中P -tau蛋白水平之间(F = 5.83,T = 2.41,β= 0.47;P<0.05)呈线性关系,SDB和使用FDG-PET测量葡萄糖代谢于内侧颞叶(F = 6.34,T = -2.52,β= - 0.57,P < 0.05),后扣带回皮层和楔前叶(F = 11.62,T = -3.41,β= -0.69,P<0.01)和所有的AD脆弱区域的综合得分(F = 4.48,T = -2.11,β= -0.51,P<0.05)这间也存在线性关系。患有SDB的消瘦患者相比于对照组也表现出较小的海马体积(F = 4.2,P<0.05)。但在测量淀粉样蛋白如脑脊液中Aβ42下降或PIB扫描阳性方面却未显示出差异。Osorio博士和他的同事们计划检验他们的假设,即最早期阶段的临床前AD脑损伤与生物标志物有所联系,并可导致SDB。他们提出了一项为期两年的纵向研究,涉及200位认知正常的受试者,包括对AD生物标志物的检测,并随着时间的推移给予这些患有中度至重度SDB的患者以持续气道正压通气。

这项新研究的目的是确定SDB和临床前AD患者之间的因果关系的“方向”。在初步评估后,患者将被给予持续气道正压通气以治疗睡眠呼吸暂停。六个月后,他们将被重新评价有关AD生物标志物的证据。“如果生物标志物发生了改变,这可能表明是SDB引起了AD。“Osorio博士解释说,”如果其不改变,那么可能的结论是,这些患者会发展为AD而无关于CPAP,并且AD可能是造成呼吸暂停,或者可能只是与SDB随着患者年纪的增大而共存。”无论哪种方式,Osorio博士认为,SDB和AD之间的关系值得进一步研究。“老年人睡眠呼吸暂停的患病率快速上升,这个事实并没有得到睡眠研究学界和阿尔茨海默氏症研究学界应有的重视,”Osorio说。”睡眠特别受到一种过时的观念的影响,即这是一个非活跃的生理过程。实际上,它是大脑一天当中非常活跃的一部分。”
Sleep Apnea Linked to Alzheimer's
May 19, 2013 — A new study looking at sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and markers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging adds to the growing body of research linking the two.
But this latest study also poses an interesting question: Could AD in its "preclinical stages" also lead to SDB and explain the increased prevalence of SDB in the elderly...

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