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Ann Oncol:循环肿瘤DNA检测胰腺癌微小残留病灶步入临床研究

2019-09-01 佚名 肿瘤资讯

胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)发病率逐年上升,近年来已成为西方国家癌症相关死亡的第四大原因。外科手术加新辅助治疗或辅助治疗是目前治疗PDAC患者的唯一策略,但只有不到15%的患者被诊断为局部病灶,且即使在这部分患者中,5年总生存(OS)仍低于30%。与单独使用吉西他滨相比,辅助mFOLFIRINOX或吉西他滨联合卡培他滨已显示出生存改善。然而,联合方案明显增加毒性,只有筛选出的患者才适合接受这些方案。尽

胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)发病率逐年上升,近年来已成为西方国家癌症相关死亡的第四大原因。外科手术加新辅助治疗或辅助治疗是目前治疗PDAC患者的唯一策略,但只有不到15%的患者被诊断为局部病灶,且即使在这部分患者中,5年总生存(OS)仍低于30%。与单独使用吉西他滨相比,辅助mFOLFIRINOX或吉西他滨联合卡培他滨已显示出生存改善。然而,联合方案明显增加毒性,只有筛选出的患者才适合接受这些方案。尽管治疗结果有所改善,但仍面临辅助治疗后高复发率的难题,因此迫切需要验证准确的预测生物标志物,以更好地指导治疗强度,为患者和临床医生提供预后信息。

胰腺癌的DNA测序已确定了4种驱动基因:KRAS、TP53、SMAD4和CDKN2A,尤其是在90%以上的PDAC中发现KRAS外显子12突变。这些肿瘤特异性DNA突变可以在大多数转移性PDAC患者外周血的游离成分(循环肿瘤DNA[ctDNA])中检测到,从而可以无创地描述肿瘤分子特征。

Lee及其同事在前瞻性队列研究中评估了KRAS ctDNA在可切除PDAC患者的预后作用。采用基于聚合酶链反应的SafeSeq分析,术前检测ctDNA的敏感性为62%(在组织中37个KRAS突变肿瘤中有23个ctDNA阳性)。与阴性患者相比,KRAS ctDNA阳性患者的预后较差(无复发生存率[RFS]的危险比(HR)为4.1,P=0.002,OS的HR为4.1,P=0.015)。

尽管近年来ctDNA分析技术取得了重要进展,但术前局部实体瘤的ctDNA检测仍在50%~70%,主要是由于肿瘤生物学的内在原因,而非缺乏技术敏感性。非脱落肿瘤、基质微环境、血管化不良的肿瘤或血脑屏障等自然屏障是高比例患者未检测到ctDNA的肿瘤相关的潜在原因之一。此外,早期PDAC的前瞻性试验设计为当前的研究增加了一层复杂性:几乎一半的患者在手术时因肿瘤不可手术而被排除在外,而三分之一的血液或组织样本不足或不可用,在最初纳入的112例患者中,只有42例可评估患者。准确的术前诊断,以及有效的样本收集、储存和分析方案,对于提高液体活检在临床试验和常规临床实践中的应用能力至关重要。

更为重要的是术后ctDNA检测的结果。所有ctDNA阳性的患者最终复发(阳性预测值为100%),而ctDNA阴性的患者复发风险较低(阴性预测值为54%)。值得一提的是,22例术后ctDNA阴性的患者中也有10例复发,反映出胰腺癌的侵袭性行为,高比例的患者在手术时最终会发生微转移。

从液体活检的所有潜在应用来看,检测ctDNA中的体细胞突变作为微小残留病灶(MRD)的替代物是目前最具探索性和前景的研究之一。然而,这种有价值的信息来源被大量非癌来源的游离DNA(cfDNA)稀释,而ctDNA通常只占循环中总cfDNA的一小部分。在这项研究中,研究者使用SafeSeq技术来检测KRAS热点突变。这项技术使用了独特的分子条形码附着于DNA片段上,提高了对<0.1%的敏感性,并减少了大规模PCR测序中的错误导致的假阳性结果。

这些结果表明术后ctDNA分析可以作为MRD的生物标志物,不仅可以识别高复发风险的患者,而且可以指导临床试验,为可检测ctDNA的患者评估术后的强化治疗。基于这一目的,研究者设计了第一个前瞻性临床试验,探讨了术后ctDNA评估指导局部PDAC辅助化疗的效果。患者被随机分为两组:A组(对照组)接受标准化疗,B组(ctDNA知情组)根据ctDNA结果治疗。ctDNA阳性患者接受升级化疗策略,而ctDNA阴性患者则接受降级治疗策略。在其他局部实体肿瘤中也进行了研究,评估ctDNA的临床影响,以指导辅助治疗策略。ctDNA还有助于辅助临床试验的设计,提供使用靶向治疗的机会,甚至基于检测到的可用突变或高MSI的肿瘤使用免疫疗法。此外,分子转移性疾病的新概念(指在没有影像学复发的辅助全身治疗的情况下持续检测ctDNA阳性)是创新性的,为检测微小分子转移病灶打开了一扇机会之窗。

Lee等为液体活检监测MRD的临床应用提供了更多的证据。然而,真正的应用于临床实践还需建立在前瞻性临床研究基础上的有力证据。目前正在进行的ctDNA指导辅助治疗的前瞻性临床试验正在等待结果,有望改变癌症的治疗方式。

原始出处:
Montagut C1, Vidal J1,2.ctDNA to detect minimal residual disease in pancreatic cancer: moving into clinical trials.Ann Oncol. 2019 Aug 16. pii: mdz236. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz236. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2019-10-13 yyj072
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    2019-09-01 anti-cancer

    谢谢梅斯分享这么多精彩信息

    0

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