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专家呼吁:积极预防接种让疾病无机可乘

2018-04-26 李惠钰 科学网

2018年是我国实施免疫规划政策40周年。4月25日也迎来我国第32个儿童预防接种宣传日,今年的主题是“预防接种,守护生命”。预防接种作为预防和控制传染病最经济、有效的手段。通过疫苗的预防作用,可以切实保障广大儿童身体健康,有效防止相应传染病的发生和流行,以达到最终消灭疾病的目的。

2018年是我国实施免疫规划政策40周年。4月25日也迎来我国第32个儿童预防接种宣传日,今年的主题是“预防接种,守护生命”。预防接种作为预防和控制传染病最经济、有效的手段。通过疫苗的预防作用,可以切实保障广大儿童身体健康,有效防止相应传染病的发生和流行,以达到最终消灭疾病的目的。

预防疾病传染 重视疫苗接种

党的十九大报告指出,实施健康中国战略,要“坚持预防为主”。为实现《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中提出“5岁以下儿童死亡率要由2015年的10.7‰下降到2020年的9.5‰,再到2030年的6.0‰”的目标,首先就要减少传染病和感染性疾病对儿童的威胁。因此,做好预防接种对实现健康中国战略意义重大。

北京市疾病预防控制中心免疫预防所所长吴疆表示:“疫苗是将病原微生物及其代谢产物,经过人工减毒、灭活或利用基因工程等方法制成的用于预防传染病的自动免疫制剂。我国自1978年开始实施免疫规划以来,通过接种疫苗,已于2000年被世界卫生组织(WHO)确认无脊髓灰质炎。麻疹、百日咳、白喉、破伤风等疾病的发病和死亡降低到了历史最低点。儿童可预防疾病的发病率明显下降,有效保障了儿童生命安全与健康。”

疫苗接种主要是针对易感者进行,通过刺激人体的免疫系统,使其对以后的感染或疾病产生免疫力,从而可以预防和控制大量传染病,而且越来越多地用于防控由传染性因子引起的若干慢性病,不仅可以预防肺炎等传染病带来的痛苦和死亡,疫苗的出现也消除了一些曾经肆虐的疾病,比如天花等。

吴疆指出:“疫苗接种在提高个体免疫水平的同时,也会提高整个人群的免疫水平,有助于群体免疫屏障的形成。当疫苗接种率达到一定水平时,即使有传染源侵入,由于大部分易感者已经接种了疫苗,得到了免疫保护,人与人之间辗转传播的机会大大减少,传染病的传播链也就被人为阻断,传播的范围受到限制,从而减少传染病扩散和蔓延的可能性。”

预防接种是防控传染病的根本所在。以肺炎球菌性疾病为例,在所有疫苗可预防疾病中,肺炎球菌性疾病是导致全球5岁以下儿童死亡的重要病因之一,又被称为婴幼儿“健康杀手”。首都儿科研究所重症医学科主任医师任晓旭教授表示:“肺炎链球菌广泛分布于自然界,主要是通过人传人的飞沫感染而传播,儿童是其主要携带和传播人群。当人体抵抗力下降时,肺炎球菌很容易侵入身体多个不同部位,导致一系列侵袭性或非侵袭性肺炎球菌性疾病。婴幼儿出生后因免疫系统尚未发育完善,从而使得他们更易感染各种侵袭性疾病。WHO将肺炎球菌性疾病列为需‘极高度优先‘使用疫苗预防的疾病,且表示疫苗接种是最合乎逻辑和最有效阻止耐药性蔓延的方法, 预防胜于治疗。”

正确认知疫苗接种 扞卫儿童健康成长

随着疫苗的大范围使用,目前传染病对公众健康的影响不再像过去那么严重,然而因为公众对疫苗预防接种知识了解不够,存在一定的认知误区,使得一些人觉得预防接种根本不重要;此外,因为疫苗免疫过程是隐形进行,其主要通过训练身体的免疫能力而让其防御体系针对病原进行合理的反应,保护身体不被微生物感染。因此接种后,家长也很难将孩子的良好健康状况与疫苗预防相联系;…甚至有人认为,疫苗会影响人的免疫功能,疫苗的副作用会带来很大危害。

吴疆表示:“随着一种疫苗接种率的提高,疫苗针对传染病发病率的下降,接种疫苗后的不良反应引起人们的高度关注。作为药品的一种,疫苗具有药品的特性,既具有疗效,也有不良反应。极少数儿童接种疫苗后会发生不良反应,绝大多数是一般反应,即在疫苗接种后发生的,由疫苗本身所固有的特性引起的,对机体只会造成一过性生理功能障碍的反应,主要有发热和局部红肿,同时可能伴有全身不适、倦怠、食欲不振、乏力等综合症状。反应过程是一过性的,不会引起不可恢复的组织器官损害,没有后遗症,通常不需要处理,一般1-3天就会自动消失。”

“疫苗对于人体而言,毕竟是一种异物,很少部分人可能出现极少见的异常反应。这主要是指合格的疫苗在实施规范接种过程中或接种后造成受种者机体组织器官、功能损害。异常反应的发生率极低,但需要及时就医处置。对于极少数接种后出现异常反应的儿童,国家也有相应的法律法规保障接种者的权益,为保障儿童健康,减轻疾病负担提供了法律依据和政策支持。”吴疆指出:“由于人们缺乏预防接种知识和医学科学知识的限制,往往把预防接种的疑似预防接种异常反应与预防接种异常反应混同,对此也需要家长正确认识。”

此外,为保证疫苗的安全性,疫苗的管理很严格。疫苗在获得注册前都经过严格的动物实验和临床研究;疫苗在上市使用前都要实施严格的审批、生产、签发和冷链运输管理等许可制度。在接种前、接种中、接种后都有完整、科学、规范的要求,从而保证预防接种的安全性和有效性。

最后,任晓旭特别强调:“家长一定要带孩子到有资质的正规接种点接种疫苗。在接种疫苗时,要如实告知预防接种医生儿童及其家族的过敏史、以及近期的健康状况,以便预防接种医生可以更加科学地做出能否接种疫苗的判断,减少不良反应的发生。接种疫苗之后,不要马上带孩子离开接种点,一定要停留30分钟,目的是观察是否有突发不良反应,确定无反应再离开。预防为先,正确认识预防接种知识,扞卫儿童健康成长”。

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    2018-04-28 Ramsey

    所以提高全民健康素质太重要了

    0

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    2018-04-28 Ramsey

    学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081148, encodeId=57602081148a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=65d02065e3d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家呼吁#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20657, encryptionId=65d02065e3d, topicName=专家呼吁)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3307462, createdName=风铃821, createdTime=Fri Oct 19 02:09:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1803260, encodeId=d3b418032606e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0330e512758' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#积极预防#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75127, encryptionId=0330e512758, topicName=积极预防)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d81c2500028, createdName=12498561m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Feb 02 00:09:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=310165, encodeId=fd75310165fa, content=所以提高全民健康素质太重要了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTI06MUzr7AI0nTlsgpDTRvVB51yAMdGfTKe8roX48ibEeqHD1dz3UibUa9SibU24UPLcEozJiaSB67WvQ/132, createdBy=fca0106828, createdName=Ramsey, createdTime=Sat Apr 28 21:37:14 CST 2018, time=2018-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=310164, encodeId=9b2a310164c2, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTI06MUzr7AI0nTlsgpDTRvVB51yAMdGfTKe8roX48ibEeqHD1dz3UibUa9SibU24UPLcEozJiaSB67WvQ/132, createdBy=fca0106828, createdName=Ramsey, createdTime=Sat Apr 28 21:36:41 CST 2018, time=2018-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309633, encodeId=7dfa309633a9, content=早期预防作用意义重大呀!最主要的是提高国民基本医疗素质, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTI06MUzr7AI0nTlsgpDTRvVB51yAMdGfTKe8roX48ibEeqHD1dz3UibUa9SibU24UPLcEozJiaSB67WvQ/132, createdBy=fca0106828, createdName=Ramsey, createdTime=Fri Apr 27 05:29:30 CST 2018, time=2018-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-27 Ramsey

    早期预防作用意义重大呀!最主要的是提高国民基本医疗素质

    0

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