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BMJ: 新冠肺炎抗体检测全面攻略,一文掌握!

2020-09-09 liangying MedSci原创

随着新冠肺炎大流行的发展,人们对抗体检测的兴趣日益浓厚,将其作为一种衡量感染传播的程度和识别可能免疫的个体的方法。

随着新冠肺炎大流行的发展,人们对抗体检测的兴趣日益浓厚,将其作为一种衡量感染传播的程度和识别可能免疫的个体的方法。考虑到covid-19的症状不同及逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)试验的假阴性结果,抗体检测有着很大的临床价值,尤其是在症状出现5天后咽拭子及RT-PCR检测的敏感性开始下降时。

今年5月,英国政府宣布,对于那些想知道自己是否感染了SARS-CoV-2的抽血者,即使没有特定的临床症状,也应该进行抗体测试。

然而,关于医生如何解释这些结果或明确抗体检测的临床路径,目前还没有明确的指导。98日,BMJ 上发表了一篇文章对抗体检测进行了详细的盘点。这篇文章中,研究者提供了一种方法,可通过抗体检测明确这些患者当前或过去是否存在SARS-CoV-2感染。

当你准备做SARS-CoV-2抗体检测时,首先需要明白以下几点:

1.     抗体阳性表明曾接触过SARS-CoV-2病毒

2.     抗体检测应在出现症状后至少两周进行

3.     抗体测试的敏感性和特异性随时间而变化,结果应根据临床病史来解释

4.     抗体检测可能有助于诊断迟发、症状延长或逆转录聚合酶链反应检测结果阴性的covid-19患者

哪些情况下需进行抗体检测?

1.     对于目前症状提示为covid-19但抗原检测未能检测到SARS-CoV-2时,特别是在症状出现后两周或更长时间的人(当抗体检测变得更可靠时),需进行抗体检测。

2.     对于目前无症状的个体,评估他们以前是否有过SARS-CoV-2感染。这可能包括患有严重疾病的高风险人群或有职业感染风险的人群(如卫生保健工作者),以提供安慰。

3.     监测以前确诊covid-19患者的免疫反应质量和寿命或疫苗接种反应时,如果发现恢复期血浆治疗对covid-19有效,抗体测试也将用于筛选合适的志愿者。

4.     为研究和公共卫生监测进行血清反应性调查

抗体检测有哪些?

针对感染产生三种主要类型的抗体分别为:IgA IgGIgMIgM上升最快随后下降。IgGIgA持续存在,通常反映较长时间的免疫反应。抗体试验通常使用静脉血样本,可在实验室使用酶联免疫吸附测定或化学发光免疫测定(CLIA)进行。目前英国使用的主要检测方法是雅培(Abbott) SARS-CoV-2检测IgG,以及罗氏(Roche) Elecsys检测IgMIgG两者都是CLIA测定,需要静脉血。

抗体检测的准确性

SARS-CoV-2抗体检测的准确性是通过比较检测结果与金标准来衡量的,金标准通常是在出现症状时通过PCR检测病毒RNA(敏感性可能低至70%)一项关于SARS-CoV-2抗体检测的Cochrane综述包括54个队列研究的57篇论文,15 976份样本,其中8526份来自确诊的SARS-CoV-2感染病例。诊断准确性的衡量依据测试的时间而变化。

症状出现后抗体检测随时间变化的敏感性和特异性

联合IgGorIgM检测在症状出现后22-35天的最高敏感性为96%IgG检测在症状出现后15-21天的最高敏感性为88.2%54项研究中有35项报告了特异性,所有抗体检测的特异性都超过了98%

缺乏关于35天以上抗体检测准确性的数据。所以,症状出现五周后进行检测应格外谨慎,因为抗体水平可能下降,随之检测敏感性也会降低。

抗体检测结果

对检测结果的解释不仅取决于检测本身的准确性,还取决于检测前感染的概率。筛查无症状个体时,预检测的概率相对较低,而对于有提示性症状的个体,预检测的概率可能更高。

无症状时,基于1000人的SARS-CoV-2抗体检测结果的信息图,预检率为5%

有症状时,基于1000人的SARS-CoV-2抗体检测结果的信息图,预检率为50%

抗体检测与机体免疫反应

抗体是体液免疫反应的一个重要组成部分,具有特异性和记忆功能。然而,也有一些以细胞免疫占主导地位的病毒感染或细胞内感染,如结核病。SARS-CoV-2感染后T细胞的作用被广泛讨论,研究者称可能是B细胞和T细胞免疫共同参与了covid-19感染的清除和保护性记忆的产生。

为了了解我们目前的抗体检测是否表明人体对SARS-CoV-2具有保护性免疫,理想情况下,我们需要对已知抗体状况的个体进行疾病流行研究;

此外,抗体有能力提供长期免疫,但也可以产生非中和性抗体,而且抗体增强现象可能发生,即抗体可能促进二次感染,这要比原感染更严重。所以,对新冠肺炎患者进行抗体检测也有助于抗体相关免疫反应的研究。

抗体检测的缺陷

以人群为基础、无特定临床指征的检测政策基本上等同于筛查。如果不仔细考虑测试的后果就存在潜在的危害。比如,如果检测是基于患者的要求而不是临床驱动,那么预计在更富裕的人群中检测率会更高,而事实上他们感染covid-19的风险较低。这不是医学研究所期望的。这也限制了数据对检出率预测的有用性,因为一个自我选择的群体不具有研究代表性。人们对快速推出抗体测试的影响表示担忧,苏格兰首席医疗官不建议按需测试。

沟通风险和不确定性

临床医生应该考虑SARS-CoV-2抗体检测的风险和益处,并告知患者有关检测局限性的信息。

病人须知:

1.     抗体检测有助于了解是否曾经感染过covid-19

2.     不能明确未来是否会感染

3.     如果测试结果呈阳性,那么很可能你已经被感染了

4.     阴性的检测结果不能排除你感染covid-19的可能性

不确定因素:

1.     目前,关于抗体检测的研究大多来自医院的病人。我们不知道这些测试在没有入院的存在轻微症状的患者或没有症状的人身上效果如何

2.     超过35天测试敏感度数据缺乏

3.     关于抗体的存在是否能提供持久的免疫力来预防二次感染证据不足

 

参考文献:Watson, J., Richter, A., & Deeks, J. (2020). Testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. BMJ, m3325. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3325 

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    2021-05-06 hb2008ye
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    2021-02-21 ms3000000488217494

    还需要进一步的研究来了解抗体的作用。

    0

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    2020-09-11 marongnuan
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849093, encodeId=2f851849093dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Thu May 06 22:21:55 CST 2021, time=2021-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=926197, encodeId=3cc092619e89, content=还需要进一步的研究来了解抗体的作用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4d175442499, createdName=ms3000000488217494, createdTime=Sun Feb 21 19:27:12 CST 2021, time=2021-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1305229, encodeId=6af41305229ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ba392659e58' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#体检#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26597, encryptionId=ba392659e58, topicName=体检)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b191324, createdName=marongnuan, createdTime=Fri Sep 11 08:21:55 CST 2020, time=2020-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1535797, encodeId=84bc1535e97b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e8a551866c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗体检测#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55186, encryptionId=0e8a551866c, topicName=抗体检测)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=682812619358, createdName=tongyongming, createdTime=Fri Sep 11 08:21:55 CST 2020, time=2020-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028533, encodeId=0417102853324, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Wed Sep 09 20:21:55 CST 2020, time=2020-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=883924, encodeId=38fa88392437, content=共同努力,打败病魔。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4gCIdSaEkahCNuUWZv4iaKmqvUKHyKnBiarBM9RStQKBeV5Lh6GYYFiamdV5KlSfbLvmAgZTLtq81XA/0, createdBy=13511650672, createdName=言西早, createdTime=Wed Sep 09 17:35:53 CST 2020, time=2020-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-09 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849093, encodeId=2f851849093dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Thu May 06 22:21:55 CST 2021, time=2021-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=926197, encodeId=3cc092619e89, content=还需要进一步的研究来了解抗体的作用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4d175442499, createdName=ms3000000488217494, createdTime=Sun Feb 21 19:27:12 CST 2021, time=2021-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1305229, encodeId=6af41305229ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ba392659e58' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#体检#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26597, encryptionId=ba392659e58, topicName=体检)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b191324, createdName=marongnuan, createdTime=Fri Sep 11 08:21:55 CST 2020, time=2020-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1535797, encodeId=84bc1535e97b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e8a551866c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗体检测#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55186, encryptionId=0e8a551866c, topicName=抗体检测)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=682812619358, createdName=tongyongming, createdTime=Fri Sep 11 08:21:55 CST 2020, time=2020-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028533, encodeId=0417102853324, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Wed Sep 09 20:21:55 CST 2020, time=2020-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=883924, encodeId=38fa88392437, content=共同努力,打败病魔。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4gCIdSaEkahCNuUWZv4iaKmqvUKHyKnBiarBM9RStQKBeV5Lh6GYYFiamdV5KlSfbLvmAgZTLtq81XA/0, createdBy=13511650672, createdName=言西早, createdTime=Wed Sep 09 17:35:53 CST 2020, time=2020-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-09 言西早

    共同努力,打败病魔。

    0

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