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“金标准”冠脉造影也会使诈,别TA被骗啦!

2018-04-28 人间世 医学界心血管频道

对于冠心病而言,冠脉造影一直是其诊断的“金标准”,它的“含金量”已经在长期临床工作中得到了很好的验证,但是“金无足赤”,冠脉造影也有自己的局限,今天我们就聊聊冠脉造影那不得不说的故事。

对于冠心病而言,冠脉造影一直是其诊断的“金标准”,它的“含金量”已经在长期临床工作中得到了很好的验证,但是“金无足赤”,冠脉造影也有自己的局限,今天我们就聊聊冠脉造影那不得不说的故事。

当然,还是从一个病例讲起~

患者41岁男性,1月前因胸痛、心电图示多导联ST段抬高行溶栓治疗,后复查冠脉是前降支近段少许斑块,考虑溶栓成功,未予介入治疗。

近期再次出现胸痛,心电图(图1):V1-V3导、I导、aVL导病理性Q波、ST段抬高,伴有多导联ST段压低,再次行冠脉造影(图2),结果基本同前。


图1:V1-V3导、I导、aVL导病理性Q波、ST段抬高,多导联ST段压低。

临床表现和心电图均支持冠心病诊断,但是冠脉造影却是接近正常,难道是冠脉痉挛引起的?但是,紧接着的血管内超声(图2)揭示了冠脉造影所掩盖的真相:前降支近端重度狭窄,予支架植入。


图2:A为冠脉造影结果,示前降支近端少许斑块,B、C、D为不同节段的血管内超声图像,B、D基本正常,C示冠脉管腔重度狭窄。

虽然各国指南均将冠脉造影作为冠心病诊断的终极武器,但是冠脉造影也存在自己的“死角”,许多其内在的限制可能会低估其真实病变的严重程度,从而误导我们“锐利的目光”。

一、冠脉短缩

我们知道冠脉本身是一个三维立体的“管道”,而我们看到的冠脉造影结果是二维平面的图像,即是真实冠脉在平面上的投影。这跟心电图和心电向量的关系是非常相似的,不同的是冠脉投影平面是我们可以选择的。

然而冠脉走形是非常迂曲的,无论选择怎样的投照平面,投影出的冠脉图像都会比真实冠脉要短,存在冠脉结构一定程度的重叠,所以这短缩的冠脉造影图像就不能完整反映整个冠脉的管腔变化。

二、冠脉斑块不规则

我们理想中的冠脉斑块应该是呈规则的向心性成长(图3A),这样我们就比较容易和准确的判断其狭窄程度。但是现实是骨感的,很多斑块是偏心性的(图3B),那它在不同角度的投影可能就会有质的差别。


图3:A为向心性斑块,B为偏心性斑块,C为不规则斑块。

比如图3B中,如果投影平行斑块,就能很好地暴露其狭窄严重程度,但是假如投影恰好垂直斑块,那会完全掩盖狭窄程度,而看起来像是一个正常的冠脉。所以冠脉造影一般要求对某一段冠脉至少要有2个投影体位去评估。

然而还有一种冠脉斑块可能会使冠脉造影无所适从,那就是不规则斑块(图3C),如果遇见这种斑块,即使是360度投影,都不能有效地显露其狭窄程度。

三、弥漫性冠脉狭窄

我们现在描述冠脉狭窄程度,都是以狭窄百分比表示,是以近端“看似正常”的冠脉作为基线。


图4:A为局限性斑块,B为弥漫性斑块。

我们理想中的图像是图4A,冠脉斑块是局限的,这样就能够相对准确地判断狭窄程度,但是“覆巢之下,焉有完卵”,那些看似正常冠脉很有可能也布满了斑块(这在许多尸检中已经得到证实),就像图4B,那么这同样的狭窄50%可能就代表了完全不同的狭窄程度。

四、冠脉正向重构

冠脉对于斑块的侵袭并不是只能默默承受,也有自己的适应方法-正向重构:病变冠脉会出现代偿性增粗,推迟管腔缩小的出现,尽可能长久地维持适当的冠脉供血潜力。


图5:冠脉正向重构

就像图5中,实际上存在冠脉斑块,但是在造影上却可能完全正常。

冠脉造影给了我们一双透视的眼睛,让我们有机会在人体上直接看到那重要的生命之线,但是我们也不能彻底地依赖冠脉造影,“眼见也未必为实”。在一些有疑义的情况下,一些新的技术(如IVUS、OCT)可能会告诉我们更多隐藏的秘密。

原始出处:

1.R.A. Swallow, et al. The limitations ofcoronary angiography: Identification of a critical coronary stenosis usingintravascular ultrasound [J]. International Journal of Cardiology 2006; 106: 123–125.

2.T.R. Porter, et al. Intravascular ultrasoundstudy of angiographically mildly diseased coronary arteries [J]. J Am CollCardiol 1993; 22:1856-1865.

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    2018-05-01 suibian2007bbb

    学习学习

    0

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    2018-04-30 sodoo
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    2018-04-29 飛歌

    厉害了我的哥

    0

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    2018-04-29 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.继续关注

    0

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    2018-04-29 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

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