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千举万变,其道一也——从血脂管理指南更新历程看2013AHA/ACC新指南

2013-12-11 吴平生 心血管网

2013年11月12日,美国心脏协会(AHA)和美国心脏病学会(ACC)联合更新了“治疗胆固醇以降低成人动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)指南”(以下简称“新指南”)。与既往血脂管理指南相比,新指南的胆固醇管理理念发生了巨大改变。但千举万变,不离其宗:以循证为基石,以降低心血管事件为最终目标的核心宗旨没有改变。 综观血脂管理指南更新历程:“以循证为基石,以降低心血管事件为最终目标”

2013年11月12日,美国心脏协会(AHA)和美国心脏病学会(ACC)联合更新了“治疗胆固醇以降低成人动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)指南”(以下简称“新指南”)。与既往血脂管理指南相比,新指南的胆固醇管理理念发生了巨大改变。但千举万变,不离其宗:以循证为基石,以降低心血管事件为最终目标的核心宗旨没有改变。

综观血脂管理指南更新历程:“以循证为基石,以降低心血管事件为最终目标”逐渐成为核心宗旨

在1988年和1993年NCEP ATP I制定和ATP II更新之时,血脂管理的循证证据,尤其是他汀降胆固醇治疗的循证证据尚不充分,此时,人们已经认识到高胆固醇血症对心血管预后的危害,因此,ATP I和ATP II均推荐LDL-C作为首要干预目标,此时指南的制定和更新多基于流行病学证据或非他汀类药物的证据。

随着他汀类药物的出现和循证证据的不断积累,人们逐渐认识到他汀通过降低胆固醇在预防心血管事件中的重要地位,2001年,NCEP ATP III强调关注临床干预手段在预防冠心病中的作用。自ATP II公布后,出现了大量他汀RCTs研究,这些研究证实了他汀可以显著降低一级和二级预防人群的冠心病风险。正是基于这些证据,ATP III指南进行了更新。ATP III更新后短短三年间,又有5项大型他汀RCTs研究问世,2004年,基于这5项他汀新研究,ATP III进行了集中更新。从ATP I到ATP III更新版,其核心改变是他汀逐渐成为治疗首选,启动降胆固醇治疗的LDL-C水平和LDL-C治疗目标越来越低,指南更新的最终目的是为了通过积极管理胆固醇更多降低冠心病事件。


2013 AHA/ACC新指南胆固醇管理理念发生了巨大改变,但“以循证为基石,以降低心血管事件为最终目标”的核心宗旨没有改变,而且进一步得到彰显

新指南的重要改变:

1. 对胆固醇治疗的推荐关注ASCVD事件(包括冠心病、卒中、外周动脉疾病等)的降低,不是局限于冠心病。

2. 启动他汀不再依赖基线LDL-C水平,而是基于循证证据明确了4类他汀获益人群,这4类人群要直接启动他汀治疗:
(1)临床存在ASCVD的患者;
(2)原发性LDL-C升高≥190 mg/dL的患者;
(3)无ASCVD,年龄40~75岁之间,LDL-C 70~189 mg/dL之间的糖尿病患者;
(4)无ASCVD 或糖尿病,年龄40-75岁之间,LDL-C 70~189 mg/dL之间,10年ASCVD风险≥7.5%的患者。

3. 推荐使用合适的他汀治疗强度,放弃LDL-C或非HDL-C靶标作为治疗目标。
(1)大部分4类他汀获益人群推荐使用高强度他汀治疗
(2)强调他汀治疗目标是降低ASCVD事件,而不是动脉粥样硬化的减少或胆固醇参数的达标

4. 明确定义了不同他汀的治疗强度


5. 强调他汀单药治疗对降低ASCVD事件的重要意义,没有证据支持他汀治疗同时常规加用非他汀类降脂药,或他汀治疗不耐受者使用非他汀类降脂药没有证据支持能进一步降低ASCVD事件,因此未对非他汀药物进行常规推荐。

6. 关注一级预防的总体风险评估,建议使用汇总队列方程(Pooled Cohort Equations)评估10年ASCVD风险,而不是仅仅评估冠心病风险。该队列方程计算的危险因素包括:性别、年龄、种族、总胆固醇、HDL-C、收缩压、有否降压治疗和是否吸烟。

新指南进一步彰显“以循证为基石,以降低心血管事件为最终目标”的核心宗旨

新指南严格按照“高质量”循证证据中设计的治疗干预而推荐。所谓“高质量”循证证据仅限于评估ASCVD临床预后的RCTs、系统性回顾或荟萃分析,而那些观察性研究、随访时间<18个月或12个月的非临床预后终点研究被排除在外。专家组发现,这些循证证据均是评估固定剂量他汀,或更高强度固定剂量他汀,或他汀加用其他非他汀的研究,没有临床试验设计是滴定至特定LDL-C或非HDL-C目标。同时,专家组发现在LDL-C达标后,使用非他汀药物进一步降低LDL-C,未能进一步降低ASCVD事件。事实上,没有证据能告诉我们LDL-C的治疗目标究竟应该降至多低。基于这些“高质量”循证证据,新指南未推荐启动他汀治疗的LDL-C水平,未推荐LDL-C或非HDL-C治疗靶目标,而是明确了4类他汀获益人群,并推荐使用合适强度的他汀作为治疗目标。

新指南的胆固醇管理模式直指包括卒中在内的ASCVD事件的降低,旨在解决“谁”应该得到“何种药物”的“何种强度”治疗,而不再纠结于LDL-C究竟应降至多低。这一新模式使胆固醇管理变得更加简单和易于操作,可以保证更多高风险人群得到适当的降胆固醇治疗,最终实现更多降低ASCVD事件的治疗目标。

新指南胆固醇管理理念对临床有何影响?

新理念帮助临床走出LDL-C治疗达标的误区 。

虽然很多医生使用LDL-C靶标,但使用LDL-C靶标存在诸多临床误区。

首先,当前的临床试验数据未显示治疗应达到何种目标。

第二,我们不知道更低的治疗目标与另一较高目标相比,能获得的ASCVD风险的额外降低幅度。

第三,为了实现特定的目标,可能有潜在的不利影响,如多药联合治疗。目前证据表明:尽管该联合治疗可以进一步降低LDL-C,但没有被证明减少ASCVD。比如既往指南推荐冠心病患者LDL-C应<70 mg/dl,使用最高强化剂量的他汀或许仅使LDL-C降至78 mg/dl,为了达标,可能会加用其他非他汀类药物,而现有证据未提示使用非他汀类药物进一步降低LDL-C能带来额外获益,相反可能会增加治疗相关的不良事件风险。

此外,使用 LDL-C 靶标可能会导致基于证据的他汀治疗不充分。比如糖尿病患者的LDL-C水平常常较低,因此,用“靶标”指导治疗常常导致使用较低剂量的他汀,而糖尿病患者是ASCVD的高风险人群,证据显示,高强度或中-高强度他汀治疗可更多降低这类患者的ASCVD事件。

新理念使临床胆固醇管理变得更加简单

临床可依据新指南给出的4类他汀获益人群直接启动合适剂量的他汀治疗,无需再考虑基线LDL-C水平、目标LDL-C水平、危险分层和他汀效能等多种因素。

1. 确诊ASCVD的患者(包括ACS、冠心病、血运重建、卒中/TIA或外周动脉疾病):≤75岁患者,除非有禁忌症,使用高强度他汀(A),高强度他汀禁忌或有副作用时,使用中等强度他汀(A),>75岁患者,启动中等强度他汀,如能耐受可使用高强度他汀(E)。

2. 原发性LDL-C≥190mg/dl的患者:查找家族性原因,不需危险评估,>21岁者启动高强度他汀,不能耐受则使用最大耐受剂量他汀(B),力争使LDL-C下降50%(E)

3. 无ASCVD,年龄40~75岁且LDL-C为70~189 mg/dL的糖尿病患者:启动中等强度他汀(A),风险≥7.5%的患者使用高强度他汀(E),<40或>75岁评估后启动他汀。

4. 无ASCVD临床证据或糖尿病,年龄为40~75岁,LDL-C为70~189 mg/dL,且10年ASCVD风险≥7.5%的患者:启动中等或高强度他汀(A),ASCVD风险5%~7.5%启动中强度他汀(C)。

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    2014-06-10 hengrui1979

    这种指南,在我国广大的基层医疗机构很难实现,并且患者治疗的依存性会让治疗大打折扣!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1923314, encodeId=38a519233145e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1408583e45d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58374, encryptionId=1408583e45d, topicName=新指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ac782500066, createdName=12498768m13(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu May 08 01:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1988205, encodeId=dd8c198820579, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=327e563967e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#指南更新#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56396, encryptionId=327e563967e, topicName=指南更新)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04ce158, createdName=lxg951, createdTime=Fri Apr 04 19:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9779, encodeId=c28d9e792c, content=这种指南,在我国广大的基层医疗机构很难实现,并且患者治疗的依存性会让治疗大打折扣!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1ef7102707, createdName=hengrui1979, createdTime=Tue Jun 10 22:05:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1936261, encodeId=6d1319362612e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=daa1e60387b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#管理指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76038, encryptionId=daa1e60387b, topicName=管理指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIUEDhSibBFt8TicgFCCSBtW10SxVJicDpibTCucns8L1YaiaKpibWOkv8hYpJ0LeTVUH1Ab4sfica9bxiccA/132, createdBy=dd282500126, createdName=ms3830150583600765, createdTime=Sun Jun 15 14:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1267201, encodeId=a3dc126e20139, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=922f21183d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AHA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2118, encryptionId=922f21183d, topicName=AHA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf3d82, createdName=zhaohui6731, createdTime=Fri Dec 13 04:57:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1324868, encodeId=182c1324868c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=96c71804b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1804, encryptionId=96c71804b7, topicName=ACC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1e452500029, createdName=12498568m50暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Dec 13 04:57:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1923314, encodeId=38a519233145e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1408583e45d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58374, encryptionId=1408583e45d, topicName=新指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ac782500066, createdName=12498768m13(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu May 08 01:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1988205, encodeId=dd8c198820579, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=327e563967e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#指南更新#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56396, encryptionId=327e563967e, topicName=指南更新)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04ce158, createdName=lxg951, createdTime=Fri Apr 04 19:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9779, encodeId=c28d9e792c, content=这种指南,在我国广大的基层医疗机构很难实现,并且患者治疗的依存性会让治疗大打折扣!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1ef7102707, createdName=hengrui1979, createdTime=Tue Jun 10 22:05:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1936261, encodeId=6d1319362612e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=daa1e60387b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#管理指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76038, encryptionId=daa1e60387b, topicName=管理指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIUEDhSibBFt8TicgFCCSBtW10SxVJicDpibTCucns8L1YaiaKpibWOkv8hYpJ0LeTVUH1Ab4sfica9bxiccA/132, createdBy=dd282500126, createdName=ms3830150583600765, createdTime=Sun Jun 15 14:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1267201, encodeId=a3dc126e20139, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=922f21183d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AHA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2118, encryptionId=922f21183d, topicName=AHA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf3d82, createdName=zhaohui6731, createdTime=Fri Dec 13 04:57:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1324868, encodeId=182c1324868c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=96c71804b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1804, encryptionId=96c71804b7, topicName=ACC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1e452500029, createdName=12498568m50暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Dec 13 04:57:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-12-13 zhaohui6731
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1923314, encodeId=38a519233145e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1408583e45d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58374, encryptionId=1408583e45d, topicName=新指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ac782500066, createdName=12498768m13(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu May 08 01:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1988205, encodeId=dd8c198820579, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=327e563967e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#指南更新#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56396, encryptionId=327e563967e, topicName=指南更新)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04ce158, createdName=lxg951, createdTime=Fri Apr 04 19:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=9779, encodeId=c28d9e792c, content=这种指南,在我国广大的基层医疗机构很难实现,并且患者治疗的依存性会让治疗大打折扣!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1ef7102707, createdName=hengrui1979, createdTime=Tue Jun 10 22:05:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1936261, encodeId=6d1319362612e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=daa1e60387b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#管理指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76038, encryptionId=daa1e60387b, topicName=管理指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIUEDhSibBFt8TicgFCCSBtW10SxVJicDpibTCucns8L1YaiaKpibWOkv8hYpJ0LeTVUH1Ab4sfica9bxiccA/132, createdBy=dd282500126, createdName=ms3830150583600765, createdTime=Sun Jun 15 14:57:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1267201, encodeId=a3dc126e20139, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=922f21183d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AHA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2118, encryptionId=922f21183d, topicName=AHA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf3d82, createdName=zhaohui6731, createdTime=Fri Dec 13 04:57:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1324868, encodeId=182c1324868c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=96c71804b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1804, encryptionId=96c71804b7, topicName=ACC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1e452500029, createdName=12498568m50暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Dec 13 04:57:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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